Journal title Initials Frequency DOI Online ISSN Publisher Editor in Chief Accreditation Jurnal Talenta Sipil talenta February and August 10.33087/talentasipil 2615-1634 Program Studi Teknik Sipil Fakultas Teknik Universitas Batanghari Ir. Wari Dony, ST., MT Nomor 225/E/KPT/2022 (Sinta 4) Jurnal Talenta sipil is an open access peer-reviewed journal that aims to share and discuss issues and research results. This journal is published by Program Studi Teknik Sipil Universitas Batanghari. This journal publishes scientific articles on research results and reviews covering the fields of civil engineering building, construction and architecture, engineering, industrial and manufacturing engineering, material science and nanotechnology. This journal is published twice a year, in February and August. Jurnal Talenta Sipil is published media for research results of engineering field. These results are published in such an original scientific article and a review. Submitted manuscript must be original, no plagiarism and unpublished. Manuscript is submitted online via Open Journal System (OJS), must follow author guideline and writting template. All submission will be blind reviewed by qualified reviewers in their field.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Evaluasi Kinerja Operasional pada Bus Trans Jatim Koridor V Rute Surabaya - Bangkalan
Trans Jatim is a provincial bus-based public transport system initiated by the East Java Government to strengthen regional connectivity and alleviate traffic congestion, particularly within the Gerbangkertosusila metropolitan area. One of the newly introduced corridors, Corridor V, operates along the Surabaya–Bangkalan route via the Suramadu Bridge. This study aims to assess the operational performance of this corridor by focusing on three key indicators: load factor, travel time, and headway. A field survey with an observational approach was conducted to collect primary data directly from actual operations. The findings indicate that the average load factor reached only 42%, which falls short of the required minimum standard of 70%. In contrast, the average travel time of 118 minutes and headway of 20 minutes both meet the acceptable thresholds outlined in official technical guidelines. These results reveal that among the evaluated indicators, only the load factor fails to comply with the service standards. The insights from this research are expected to serve as a reference for enhancing the efficiency and service quality of the Trans Jatim Bus Corridor V in a more sustainable manner.
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Analisis Waktu dan Biaya Menggunakan Metode Time Cost Trade Off Rehabilitasi Gedung Kantor Inspektorat Daerah Kabupaten Tuban
Delays in construction projects often lead to cost increases, reduced quality, and even the risk of penalties. This was the case in the Rehabilitation Project of the Regional Inspectorate Office Building of Tuban Regency, which experienced a 4.735% progress deviation in the 14th week. Such delays could affect the overall completion and increase project costs. This research aims to analyze the relationship between project time and cost using the Time Cost Trade Off method to find an efficient way to speed up the project. The study was carried out by collecting field data, analyzing the S-curve, identifying the critical path with the Critical Path Method , and simulating different overtime scenarios. From the three overtime options tested, adding 3 extra hours per day turned out to be the most effective choice. This scenario successfully shortened the project duration and achieved a 0.207% cost efficiency without causing significant changes to the work structure. This means that the application of the Time Cost Trade Off method is effective in optimizing resources, reducing the negative impact of delays, and maintaining a balance between time and cost in similar construction projects
Perubahan Garis Pantai Pesisir Pulau Merah Banyuwangi dengan Citra Satelit Landsat 8 (2016 – 2025)
The study of shoreline changes at Pulau Merah Beach, Banyuwangi, highlights that this coastal tourism area is highly dynamic due to the influence of ocean waves, currents, and the deposition of sand and silt. Monitoring shoreline changes is essential to ensure that the tourism area remains safe, well-managed, and sustainable. This research aims to analyze the patterns of shoreline shifts from 2016 to 2025 and to distinguish between areas experiencing continuous erosion and those affected only occasionally. The data were obtained from Landsat 8 satellite imagery, which was processed using the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). Ten observation lines (transects) with a spacing of approximately 100 meters were established, and annual shoreline shifts were measured using the Euclidean Distance method. The results show that some sections of the shoreline experience continuous erosion, particularly transects 1–4, which retreated almost every year by a considerable distance. Meanwhile, transects 6–9 were eroded only at certain times and later stabilized, while transects 5 and 10 displayed mixed patterns. This study demonstrates that transect analysis combined with the Euclidean Distance method is effective in monitoring shoreline changes over time. Overall, shoreline changes at Pulau Merah are significant and uneven, requiring focused management on areas with continuous erosion, while other areas should be monitored regularly and strengthened through coastal vegetation.
Analisis Perubahan Garis Pantai di Pesisir Pantai Kabupaten Lamongan Menggunakan Data Citra Satelit Landsat 8
Coastal shoreline change is a complex natural phenomenon that can cause significant impacts on coastal areas, such as land loss, infrastructure damage, and disruption of the community’s socio-economic activities. These impacts can be minimized if shoreline change monitoring is carried out periodically in vulnerable areas. Lamongan Regency, with its relatively long coastline, is an area highly susceptible to shoreline changes caused by abrasion and accretion. Therefore, research related to the dynamics occurring in this region is necessary. This study aims to identify shoreline change phenomena along the coast of Lamongan Regency during the 2016–2025 period. The method used in mapping shoreline changes involved processing Landsat 8 satellite imagery using NDWI in ArcGIS, followed by distance calculations using the Euclidean distance method and the Haversine formula, as well as conducting a statistical T-test on the results of both methods. The statistical two-sample T-test with equal variance indicated that there is no variance difference between the results obtained using the Euclidean distance method and the Haversine formula. Based on the calculation results, it was found that the greatest shoreline change due to abrasion during 2016–2025 occurred at Transect 1, specifically in Lohgung Village, Brondong District, with a change of 81.51 meters. Meanwhile, the greatest shoreline change due to accretion occurred at Transect 20, precisely in Kranji Hamlet, Paciran District, with a change of 92.00 meters.
Perbandingan Biaya dan Waktu Pembangunan Jembatan Menggunakan Box Culvert dengan Balok Girder di Karangan Kidul Kabupaten Gresik
A Bridges are vital infrastructures that connect transportation routes separated by rivers or other physical barriers. This study analyzes the comparison of cost and time efficiency in the construction of the Karangan Kidul Bridge, Gresik Regency, using two structural alternatives: box culvert and girder beam. The research applied the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) to estimate project duration and the Crashing Project method to accelerate schedules by considering additional overtime costs. Data were collected through field surveys, contractor interviews, and project documents such as the bill of quantities and time schedule. The analysis shows that the normal duration of construction using a box culvert is 119 days, while using a girder beam is 118 days. With the crashing approach, the box culvert can be accelerated to 106 days (1-hour overtime), 95 days (2-hour overtime), and 82 days (3-hour overtime), with additional costs ranging from IDR 709,091,569.18 to IDR 755,596,130.01. Meanwhile, the girder beam option can be accelerated to 104 days, 94 days, and 89 days, with additional costs between IDR 1,109,586,454.03 and IDR 1,158,716,492.98. The cost difference between both alternatives exceeds IDR 400 million, while the time difference is only 1 day. Therefore, the box culvert is considered more economical for this project, even though the girder beam provides relatively comparable flexibility in schedule acceleration.
Perilaku Struktur Gedung Bertingkat Tinggi dengan Variasi Penempatan Dinding Geser pada Rumah Susun ASN PUPR NTB
The ASN PUPR Apartment Building in West Nusa Tenggara consists of 8 floors with a total height of 29,68m. All floors of this building utilize reinforced concrete structures, which makes them vulnerable to lateral forces, particularly those caused by earthquakes. Earthquakes pose a risk of structural damage; therefore, a strong structural system is required to withstand seismic forces in order to prevent collapse and structural failure. One such system is the optimal placement and configuration of shear walls to resist lateral forces. The research problem in this study is how to compare the effectiveness of three variations of shear walls in resisting lateral forces. The objective of this research is to analyze the floor displacement values in both the x and y directions and to determine the optimal location for shear wall placement in resisting lateral forces. This study employed a numerical simulation method based on structural modeling, using design drawings obtained from the project contractor. The floor displacement results for Variation 1 show a total displacement of 0,1611 mm in the x-direction and 0,1399 mm in the y-direction. Based on the analysis of the three structural models, it can be concluded that the placement of shear walls is more effective when positioned at the corner joints of the L-shaped building, as indicated by the floor displacement results in both the x and y directions.
Penjadwalan Ulang Proyek Peningkatan Jalan Bulu – Jatirogo (Lanjutan) Kabupaten Tuban dengan Menggunakan Metode LSM (Linear Scheduling Method)
One of the main indicators of project success is the completion of work according to schedule. Inaccuracy in scheduling can result in delays or cost overruns. Therefore, scheduling is a crucial element in the sequence of project implementation. This study aims to calculate the project duration using the LSM method and to determine which is more effective between scheduling with the LSM (Linear Scheduling Method) and the existing method. The research employs a quantitative approach focusing on the collection and analysis of measurable and countable variables to obtain objective results, and applies a mathematical approach. Microsoft Excel software was utilized as a tool to recalculate the project execution duration and to develop linear charts based on groups of activities with linear characteristics. The analysis results show that for the Bulu–Jatirogo Road Improvement Project (continuation) in Tuban Regency, the use of the Linear Scheduling method can shorten the project duration to 50 days, which is significantly more efficient compared to the previous method that required 110 days. This 60-day difference indicates that the Linear Scheduling method is superior in the effectiveness of schedule planning.
Analisis Faktor Penyebab Keterlambatan pada Proyek Konstruksi Pembangunan Tebing Sungai di Kota Sungai Penuh
Construction project delays remain common in Indonesia, particularly in infrastructure works located in regions with challenging geographical conditions, such as Sungai Penuh City, Jambi Province, which experiences high rainfall and mountainous terrain. This study aims to identify the factors causing delays in riverbank retaining wall projects and determine the most dominant factor. The research employed a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative in-depth interviews with seven respondents and quantitative analysis using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to calculate priority weights, supported by secondary data from contract documents, project progress reports, and daily rainfall records. The Consistency Ratio (CR) value of 0.05 (<0.1) indicated that the assessments were consistent. The AHP analysis identified five main delay factors: environmental and site conditions (0.34), finance and payment (0.26), labor (0.14), project management and planning (0.14), and materials and equipment (0.12). The top subfactors were extreme weather/high rainfall (0.23), delayed payments (0.21), coordination among implementers (0.09), labor shortages (0.09), and difficult topography (0.07). The findings highlight the dominance of environmental factors, exacerbated by financial constraints and coordination issues. Recommended mitigation strategies include adjusting project schedules to avoid the rainy season, expediting administrative and payment processes, strengthening cross-stakeholder coordination, improving logistics management, enhancing local labor skills, and implementing environmental impact mitigation to improve project timeliness and efficiency.
Pemetaan Suhu dan Tekanan Udara terhadap Faktor Kepadatan Lalu Lintas di Ruas Jalan Wilayah Kabupaten Mojokerto
Mojokerto Regency, East Java, is a region with rapid population growth and high motor vehicle usage. This condition leads to significant traffic congestion, especially during peak hours, and contributes to increased exhaust gas emissions such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂). These emissions not only deteriorate air quality but also affect temperature, air pressure, and public health. This study aims to: (1) calculate vehicle volume on major roads in Mojokerto Regency; (2) analyze the degree of saturation (DS) as an indicator of traffic density; (3) measure CO₂ emissions; and (4) map temperature and air pressure using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The research method involved field surveys, direct observation, traffic volume data recording, and measurement of temperature, air pressure, and CO₂ concentration during peak hours in the morning (06.00–09.00) and afternoon (15.00–18.00). Data were analyzed using statistical approaches, regression, T-test, and ANOVA to identify relationships among variables. The results show that high vehicle volume is directly proportional to an increase in DS values, with several road segments approaching saturation. Furthermore, the increase in vehicle volume correlates with higher air temperature, air pressure, and CO₂ concentration. GIS-based mapping illustrates the spatial distribution of traffic density and environmental conditions. This study concludes that traffic management and sustainable transportation development are essential to reduce the negative impacts on the environment and public health in Mojokerto Regency.
Pengaruh Penggunaan Serat Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia Crassipes) terhadap Karakteristik Beton Serat
Concrete has a major weakness in the form of low tensile strength, making it prone to cracking when subjected to tensile loads. Generally, this weakness is overcome by adding steel reinforcement or fibers. In the city of Pagar Alam, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) grows abundantly in the waterways and causes environmental pollution. This study aims to optimize water hyacinth waste as an additional material for concrete to enhance its tensile strength. Fiber-reinforced concrete was produced with varying additions of water hyacinth fibers at 0%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3% of the cement weight, with fiber lengths of 6 cm. The tests conducted included slump tests, specific gravity, compressive strength, and flexural strength. The results showed that normal concrete (BN) had the highest compressive strength, at 19.11 MPa at 28 days. Meanwhile, concrete with 3% fiber (BS3) yielded the highest flexural strength, at 4.76 MPa at 28 days. In conclusion, the addition of water hyacinth fibers can enhance flexural strength, although it does not significantly affect compressive strength. Thus, water hyacinth fibers have the potential to serve as an environmentally friendly alternative to reduce waste while improving concrete characteristics.
Pemodelan Nilai TQI Berbasis Ketebalan Ballast dan Parameter Geometri pada Jalur Rel 1435 mm
The Track Quality Index (TQI) is an essential indicator for evaluating the geometric quality of railway tracks. This study aims to analyze TQI values and predict their degradation based on geometric parameters and ballast thickness on the Makassar–Parepare railway line with a 1435 mm track gauge. The data used include track recording car measurements, ballast thickness, as well as traffic load and frequency. The analytical method employed is simple linear regression to determine the effect of ballast thickness on TQI. The results show that 66.66% of the track segments fall into the “Excellent” category. Furthermore, ballast thickness has a significant influence, with an R² value of 0.973, indicating that the thicker the ballast layer, the better the track quality. Long-term TQI prediction reveals an increase in TQI values over time due to ballast degradation, with the average value rising from 24.23 in the 5th year to 69.61 in the 25th year. These findings highlight the importance of periodic maintenance interventions based on TQI prediction to sustain the safety and comfort of railway operations.
Equivalent Standard Axle (ESA) pada Jalan Raya Turi, Lamongan, Jawa Timur Menggunakan Metode MDPJ 2017
Turi Highway is a vital infrastructure in Lamongan Regency that supports the distribution of agricultural and trade commodities. High traffic intensity, particularly from heavy vehicles, leads to significant pavement damage. This study aims to calculate the Equivalent Standard Axle (ESA) based on actual traffic data and determine the appropriate pavement type using the 2017 Road Pavement Design Manual (MDPJ). A seven-day traffic survey during peak hours was conducted, and the data were converted into Average Daily Traffic (LHR), Passenger Car Unit (SMP), Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF), daily ESA, annual ESA, and Cumulative ESA (CESA) for a 15-year design life. The results showed that the total 6-hour LHR was 15,982 vehicles/day, while the 24-hour LHR was 24,613 vehicles/day. The average daily ESA was 2,070.6, with an annual ESA of 755,769 ESA/year, and a 15-year CESA of 11,336,535. The subgrade CBR value was 6.8%, rounded to 7%, classified as weak soil. Based on these findings, the recommended pavement type is rigid pavement with a 27 cm concrete slab, 10 cm lean concrete, and 15 cm aggregate base layer.
Implementasi BIM 5D pada Pekerjaan Beton Bertulang pada Proyek Pembangunan Gedung Tower SSC di Balikpapan
The calculation of construction cost estimates by planning consultants generally still relies on Microsoft Excel. This conventional method is prone to errors due to inaccuracies in data interpretation and the complexity of building design calculations. Such conditions may result in significant discrepancies, potentially leading to cost overruns. Therefore, a more efficient and accurate approach to cost estimation is required, one that can also present project information comprehensively. This study aims to compare the calculation results of volume and Cost Budget Plan (RAB) for reinforced concrete works between the conventional method used by planning consultants and the Building Information Modeling (BIM) 5D method. The research was conducted as a case study on the SSC Tower Building Project in Balikpapan using Autodesk Revit software to generate BIM-based cost estimates. The results indicate that the difference in volume calculation for reinforcement and concrete works is 0%, and the difference in cost estimation for reinforced concrete works is also 0%. This finding suggests that the BIM 5D method produces results consistent with those of the conventional consultant method. In conclusion, BIM 5D application in cost estimation provides results as accurate as the conventional method, with added advantages in visualization, interactive project information, and efficiency in the decision-making process.
Analisis Keterlambatan Proyek Pembangunan Gudang dengan Precedence Diagram Method (PDM) dan Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
Construction project delays are a common issue that significantly affect cost, quality, and completion time. This condition occurred in the construction of the PT Telkom Closed Warehouse in Balikpapan, which was originally planned to be completed within 90 calendar days but experienced a 28-day delay, resulting in a total completion time of 118 days. The delay was mainly caused by weak supervision and the absence of a structured planning method from the beginning. This study aims to analyze critical activities using the Precedence Diagram Method (PDM) and to calculate the probability of project completion using the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). The analysis results indicate that concrete structure work, wall installation, flooring, roofing, and mechanical-electrical work were identified as critical path activities. In addition, the PERT method provided an overview of the probability of achieving the actual project schedule. The conclusion of this research emphasizes that the application of PDM and PERT can help contractors plan schedules more accurately, reduce the risk of delays, and optimize the use of project resources.
Analisis Pekerjaan Struktur dengan Building Information Modeling (BIM) 5D pada Pembangunan Rusun Satuan Brimob Polda Kaltim
The advancement of science and technology, particularly in the field of construction technology, has had a significant impact on development. Despite the introduction of Building Information Modeling (BIM), volume and cost calculations using conventional methods are still often performed manually by consultants, which typically result in higher estimates. This study aims to implement the concept of BIM 5D using Autodesk Revit software to analyze the volume and cost of structural works in the Rusun Satuan Brimob Polda Kalimantan Timur Km.13 project, located in Balikpapan City. The research methodology involves a literature review, as well as the collection of both primary and secondary data. The subsequent stage includes structural modeling with Autodesk Revit, followed by volume and cost analysis, which are then compared with consultant calculations. Accordingly, this study applies BIM 5D to evaluate volumes and costs while benchmarking the results against conventional methods, specifically for structural works. Based on the analysis, the total structural cost estimated using BIM 5D amounts to IDR 1,158,061,415.04, whereas the consultant’s estimation reaches IDR 1,245,151,648.63, resulting in a cost difference of IDR 87,090,233.59 or 6.99%. Compared to the consultant’s method, the application of BIM 5D with Autodesk Revit produces lower and more efficient cost estimates, thereby offering a relevant and effective solution for construction cost planning.
Penanganan Kerusakan Jalan Ditinjau Dari Rasio Manfaat-Biaya Bagi Pengguna Jalan (Road User Cost) Menggunakan Highway Development and Management (HDM-4)
The Muaro Kalaban–Kiliranjao national road in West Sumatra has deteriorated significantly, leading to higher road user costs such as increased fuel consumption, longer travel times, and greater accident risks. This study aims to assess the economic feasibility of road maintenance using the Highway Development and Management (HDM-4) model through the Benefit–Cost Ratio (BCR) approach. The analysis used data on Average Daily Traffic (ADT), International Roughness Index (IRI), vehicle operating costs, travel time costs, and accident costs. The simulation results show that in 2022 (BCR = 1.37), 2024 (BCR = 2.30), and 2025 (BCR = 5.50), maintenance scenarios are economically feasible since the BCR values exceed 1. Conversely, in 2021 (BCR = 0.93) and 2023 (BCR = 0.96), maintenance is not feasible as the BCR values are below 1. The most appropriate strategy is a combination of routine maintenance, rehabilitation, and reconstruction, which significantly reduces road user costs while extending pavement service life. Therefore, the application of HDM-4 proves effective as a decision-making tool in road maintenance planning.
Analisa Kerusakan Jalan terhadap Ruas Jalan di Jalan Raya Turi, Lamongan, Jawa Timur
Roads are important infrastructure that supports smooth transportation and economic growth. This research aims to analyze the pavement condition on Jalan Raya Turi - Kemlagi Gede, Turi District, Lamongan Regency, East Java, using the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method. This research was conducted along 550 meters of road divided into six observation segments. The PCI method was chosen because it is able to evaluate road conditions based on the type of damage, severity, and extent of damage in each survey unit. The results showed that the highest PCI value was 82 and the lowest was 59, with an average value of 70.00. Based on the PCI classification, the general pavement condition falls into the good to very good category. The damage found can still be handled with routine and light maintenance without requiring heavy structural repairs.
Manajemen Biaya dan Waktu pada Pekerjaan Pembangunan Gedung Serba Guna Lontar Surabaya Menggunakan Metode CPM dan PERT
A project is an activity carried out to produce services that have a specific schedule. In the implementation of the project, there is a discrepancy between planning and realization, both in terms of time and cost. Scheduling is determined by the relationship of a project activity that is made very detailed and accurate. Especially in the construction of the Lontar Surabaya Multipurpose Building. The aim is to analyze to find out the processing of the application of the CPM (Critical Path Method) and PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) methods. These two methods identify activities that affect project completion to predict costs, duration, critical paths and probabilities of a project. The research was conducted quantitatively by collecting primary and secondary data and through interviews with results in the field. The results of the research implementation show that the critical path in the project occurs in activities, A – B – H – I – J – K – M – N – F – E – O – O1 – O2 – O3 – G – Q – P – T – T1 – T2 – Z – Z1 – Z2 – Z3 – Z4 – Z5. Witg having a total duration of 79 days using the CPM and PERT methods, there were cost and time savings of 11 days.
Penerapan Metode Time Cost Trade Off (TCTO) pada Proyek Pembangunan Peningkatan Gedung Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Kota Balikpapan
Delays in project work can be anticipated by accelerating its implementation. In accelerating the project, it must be well planned by using various acceleration alternatives. Alternatives that can be used to accelerate the project are by adding working hours, adding labor, or a combination of both. The purpose of this study is to analyze the application of the Time Cost Trade Off method with alternative acceleration of adding working hours and alternative acceleration of adding labor. The method used is a case study on the Balikpapan City Public Works Department Building Improvement Construction Project with a duration of 174 calendar days by finding the critical path using Microsoft Project and then crashing to obtain the cost slope of activities on the critical path. The results of this study obtained the optimal alternative is the acceleration alternative of adding the number of crashing 3 labor with the duration required to complete the project is 68.89 days at a cost of Rp7.770.887.756. which is the acceleration alternative that has the lowest cost of other acceleration alternatives.
Analisa Pemasangan Dinding Bata Ringan Sesuai AHSP Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Tahun 2022 dan 2023 pada Pembangunan Gedung Instalasi Perawatan Intensif Terpadu (IPIT) RSUD dr. R. Koesma Tuban
Significant changes in labor coefficients and material coefficients in the AHSP 'installation of 1m2 of 10 cm thick lightweight brick wall with ready-mixed mortar.' The purpose of this study is to test the AHSP from the years 2016, 2022, and 2023 of lightweight brick installations with a thickness of 10 cm using ready-mixed mortar, as well as to compare the HSPK of lightweight brick with kumbung brick based on the results of the construction study of the IPIT RSUD dr. R. Koesma Tuban building. The research method uses a comparison of labor and material coefficients with a productivity method. The analysis results show that the labor and material coefficients approach the AHSP based on the Minister of PUPR Regulation No. 8 of 2023, which is: workers (1:1.03), craftsmen (1:1.73), foremen (1:1.07), lightweight bricks (1:0.95), mortar (1:1.01), and HSPK (1:1.04). The analysis of the unit cost of masonry using 10 cm thick lightweight bricks with ready-mix mortar is lower compared to the unit cost of masonry using hollow bricks with a thickness of half a brick mixed at 1PC : 4 PS based on SNI DT 91-0009-2007, resulting in a comparison of 1 : 1.21, with a total difference obtained from the IPIT project at RSUD dr. R. Koesma Tuban amounting to Rp123,254,569.84 or 17.66% of the total masonry budget. It can be concluded that the coefficients in the unit cost guidelines for lightweight brick masonry in accordance with the Minister of PUPR Regulation No. 8 of 2023 can be implemented in construction projects, which is consistent with the removal of the unit cost guidelines for hollow brick masonry from the unit cost guidelines in Minister of PUPR Regulation No. 8 of 2023.
Studi Komparatif Perhitungan Anggaran Biaya dengan Building Information Modelling (BIM) 5D pada Pembangunan Gedung Sistem Administrasi Manunggal Satu Atap Kepolisian Daerah Kalimantan Timur
In the construction industry, the accuracy of volume calculations and cost estimation is a crucial factor in ensuring project efficiency and quality. However, many projects in Indonesia still use conventional methods such as AutoCAD and Microsoft Excel, which are not integrated and prone to input errors and cost overruns. Along with technological advancements, Building Information Modelling (BIM) has emerged as an innovative solution capable of integrating all project data into a single digital model that can be updated in real time. This study aims to compare cost estimation results between the conventional method and the 5D BIM method using Autodesk Revit software on reinforced concrete structural works for the construction of the One-Stop Administration System (SAMSAT) Building of the East Kalimantan Regional Police, as well as to analyze the level of efficiency achieved. The research employs a comparative-quantitative approach using data obtained from the Detail Engineering Design (DED), Bill of Quantities (BoQ), and Unit Price Analysis (AHSP). The results show that the conventional method produces higher costs due to generalized volume calculations and excessive tolerances, while the 5D BIM method provides more accurate, efficient, and integrated results since each structural element is calculated automatically through digital modeling. Therefore, the implementation of 5D BIM has proven to enhance accuracy, time efficiency, and overall effectiveness in construction cost planning compared to conventional methods.
Pengaruh Pemberian Insentif terhadap Kinerja Konsultan Pengawas dalam Proyek Konstruksi
One measure of the success of a construction project is the achievement of the project completion time target. Time is one of the main targets in a construction project. The parties involved in a construction project are service users and service providers. Supervision consultants are service providers. In an effort to improve the performance of supervision consultants, incentives are often used as an effective strategy, both in financial and non-financial forms, to motivate employees to work harder and focus on results. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of incentives on the performance of supervisory consultants in the city of Jambi. The research method used is quantitative descriptive. Based on a literature review, there are 21 incentive variables, with factor analysis forming three new factors consisting of valid and reliable variables. The results of the study obtained a constant value (a) of 8.132, which can be interpreted as a direct relationship between the independent and dependent variables. This shows that if all variables, including Incentive Effectiveness (XA), Project Management Efficiency and Responsiveness (XB), Compliance, Sustainability, and Incentive Fairness (XC) are 0% or unchanged, then the value of Project Supervision and Control Effectiveness (YA) is 8.132. The most dominant factor affecting the performance of supervisory consultants is incentive effectiveness. Incentives are given if the project is completed on time, within budget, is of high quality, has minimal errors, is safe, and is able to meet the needs of the owner and maintain communication. Clear incentives have been proven to increase the motivation and performance of consultants.
Pengaruh Subtitusi Agregat Halus dengan Serbuk Cangkang Kerang Dara dan Ampas Kopi Sebagai Subtitusi Parsial Semen terhadap Kuat Tekan Beton Mutu K-175
The rapid growth of the construction industry, particularly the use of concrete, has increased the demand for key raw materials such as cement and sand, which has led to significant environmental issues, including increased CO2 emissions and land degradation due to sand mining. To mitigate these negative impacts, this study focuses on the utilization of waste materials as potential alternative materials, namely oyster shell powder (SKD) as a substitute for fine aggregates and coffee grounds (AK) as a partial substitute for cement. Clam shell powder contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which can improve the mechanical quality of concrete, while coffee grounds have pozzolanic properties and silica content. This study used an experimental method conducted in the Civil Engineering Laboratory of UNISLA to determine the compressive strength of concrete after mixing with these two materials and comparing it with normal concrete. Four mixture variations were tested: 0% (normal concrete), 3% SKD + 2% AK, 6% SKD + 4% AK, and 9% SKD + 6% AK. The results of testing the compressive strength of concrete at 28 days showed that the use of these waste substitutes overall reduced the compressive strength of concrete: normal concrete reached 175.01 kg/cm2, followed by the 3% SKD + 2% AK variation at 165.09 kg/cm2, 6% SKD + 4% AK at 157.21 kg/cm2, and the lowest value at 9% SKD + 6% AK at 149.96 kg/cm2. Based on these findings, the higher the percentage of waste mixture, the lower the compressive strength of the concrete produced, and no mixture variation achieved the optimal compressive strength compared to normal concrete.
Penerapan Metode PDM dan Pert pada Proyek Pembangunan Pusat Layanan Haji dan Umroh Terpadu Kota Balikpapan
The construction of the Integrated Hajj and Umrah Service Center (PLHUT) in Balikpapan City is a construction project that requires effective time management to ensure timely completion. This study aims to analyze the critical path and the probability of successful project completion using the Precedence Diagram Method (PDM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). The PDM method is utilized to identify the project’s critical path by structuring the interdependencies of work items, visualized through a network diagram. Meanwhile, the PERT method is employed to calculate the probability of project completion within the planned duration, taking into account the uncertainties in activity durations. Based on the analysis results, the PLHUT construction project in Balikpapan City, with a planned duration of 160 days, contains several critical activities that require careful resource management and scheduling. The probability calculation using the PERT method indicates a high likelihood of completing the project on time. Thus, the combination of PDM and PERT methods serves as an effective approach in construction project management to enhance efficiency and schedule accuracy.
Analisis Pola Perilaku Pengguna pada Bangunan Kos di Kota Rembang
The behavior patterns of boarding house users play a crucial role in designing functional and comfortable temporary living spaces. The growing demand for boarding houses highlights the need to understand user behavior to optimize room design for comfort and productivity. This study aims to analyze user behavior patterns in boarding houses through the lens of behavioral architecture. A descriptive qualitative method was employed, involving direct observation, literature review, precedent studies, and interviews with tenants. Data analysis was conducted using triangulation of sources and content. The case study was conducted at Kos Cemara in Rembang, featuring rooms with dimensions of 3×4 meters and shared kitchen and parking facilities. The results indicate that most user activities are concentrated in the bedroom, serving as the primary personal space. Territorial behavior was observed in circulation and parking areas, where users tended to extend their private zones. Crowding patterns emerged when the number of users or visitors exceeded the parking capacity. The study concludes that room design must emphasize personal comfort and efficient management of communal spaces. This research provides valuable insights for designing adaptive boarding houses, especially in densely populated urban areas.
Queentana Jeoty Valentcia Setiawan Wicaksono
Metode Lean Construction dalam Pengendalian Limbah Material pada Pekerjaan Struktur Baja di Proyek Gedung Makodim 521 Kota Kediri
The construction industry contributes significantly to infrastructure development but faces major challenges in the form of material inefficiency that generates construction waste. Studies show that an average of 5–15% of materials are wasted during project execution, increasing costs, causing delays, and having a negative impact on the environment. The construction project of the Makodim 521 Building in Kediri City was chosen as the research object because it involves the use of WF steel structures, CNP purlins, and Onduvilla roof coverings with high costs and significant waste potential. Initial analysis revealed that eight materials contributed more than 80% of the total roofing work cost, with the highest waste level of 2.32% found in Onduvilla roof coverings and the largest absolute waste volume of 27.14 kg in CNP profile purlins. This research aims to develop a data-based waste control strategy using the Lean Construction approach. The methods used include material identification, Pareto analysis to determine priority materials, calculation of waste levels, and analysis of the causes of waste. The strategies designed include the implementation of Just in Time (JIT), worker training, design optimization with Building Information Modeling (BIM), application of the 5S principles, as well as utilization and recycling of leftover materials. The results show that the implementation of these strategies has the potential to reduce waste by up to 38%, reduce excess stock by 30%, and reuse up to 50% of leftover materials. The main contribution of this research is to provide a measurable waste control strategy framework that can be directly implemented to improve project efficiency and support sustainable construction practices in Indonesia and other developing countries.
Perancangan Geometri Jalan Rel Kereta Api Cepat Surabaya – Jakarta Berdasarkan Jalur Eksisting Stasiun Pasar Turi – Stasiun Lamongan (KM. 0+000 – KM. 41+046)
Trains have become a reliable mode of land transportation as they can avoid traffic congestion, operate on structured schedules, and offer high passenger and freight capacity. Technological advancements have led to the development of high-speed trains capable of traveling over 300 km/h on dedicated, unobstructed tracks, enhancing travel efficiency and regional connectivity. In Indonesia, the Jakarta–Surabaya high-speed rail project is expected to facilitate mobility, reduce congestion on the Pantura corridor, and complement conventional lines such as the Pasar Turi–Lamongan route. This study aims to analyze the horizontal and vertical alignment design, rail elevation dimensions, and the location of gradient transitions on the high-speed rail line between Pasar Turi and Lamongan stations. The geometric planning of the high-speed rail uses references from Minister of Transportation Regulation No. 7 of 2022 and the book Jalan Rel by Suryo Hapsoro Tri Utomo, with secondary topographic data from Google Earth Pro processed using Global Mapper and Civil 3D. The results indicate that the horizontal alignment is designed with speeds below 350 km/h—specifically 300 km/h, 250 km/h, and 120 km/h—to avoid overlap in closely spaced curves, while the vertical alignment is planned for a design speed of 350 km/h with concave and convex vertical radii of 25,000 meters and a gradient of less than 2%. The study concludes with a rail elevation of 175 mm, curve radii of 8,000 meters for 350 km/h, eight SCS-type curves with some lower-speed segments to prevent spiral overlap, and a vertical alignment on an elevated track with eight curve points, a radius of 25,000 meters, and a maximum gradient of 2%.
Pengaruh Muatan Berlebih (Overloading) Kendaraan Berat terhadap Umur Rencana Jalan pada Ruas Jalan Kopang – Masbagik
Roads are basic infrastructure facilities needed by humans to move from one location to another in order to fulfill their needs. Essentially, the structural quality of roads will deteriorate as the road ages, especially if they are used by vehicles with heavy loads that tend to exceed the regulations. The Kopang–Masbagik road section in West Nusa Tenggara Province is a national road with heavy traffic and a predominance of heavy vehicles. This condition causes an increase in traffic load, mainly due to overloading, which can accelerate pavement damage and reduce the planned road life. This study aims to analyze the effect of heavy vehicle overloading on the planned road life using the 2024 Bina Marga method with the Cumulative Equivalent Single Axle Load (CESAL) approach. The data used includes Average Daily Traffic (ADT) from BPJN West Nusa Tenggara and vehicle weighing data from UPPKB Bertais. The analysis results show that under normal conditions, the cumulative CESAL value over a 10-year design life is 84,338,823 ESA, with the final Remaining Life (RL) reaching 0%, consistent with the design life. However, under overload conditions, the cumulative CESAL value increases dramatically to 250.658.619 ESA. The impact of overloading causes a reduction in the planned lifespan; based on calculations carried out, there is a decrease in the planned lifespan of 0.552 years from the planned lifespan of 10 years.
Peningkatan Efisiensi Material dan Reduksi Limbah Beton Melalui Integrasi Lean Construction pada Proyek Konstruksi Masjid X di Desa Banjarejo
Concrete waste is one of the main challenges in construction projects with relatively high levels of waste. The level of waste in construction can reach 5–15%, leading to increased costs, delays, and negative environmental impacts.. This study evaluates the effectiveness of implementing Lean Construction—including Value Stream Mapping (VSM), Just-In-Time (JIT), and Continuous Improvement (Kaizen)—in controlling concrete waste in the construction project of Mosque X in Banjarejo Village, Indonesia. Data on planned, used, and installed concrete volumes were collected for five main structural elements and then analyzed quantitatively. The results show that concrete waste can be reduced to 2.25%, well below the industry tolerance limit of 5%, with a Waste Reduction Efficiency (WRE) of 97.8%. Workflow efficiency increased by up to 80% through VSM, material delivery achieved 100% accuracy with JIT, and Kaizen reduced labor idle time by more than 30%. These findings not only reinforce the theoretical contribution of Lean Construction but also produce a practical material management model that can be adopted in similar projects in Indonesia to improve efficiency, sustainability, and construction waste mitigation.
Pengaruh Parkir pada Badan Jalan terhadap Kinerja Ruas Jalan Indrakila Kota Balikpapan
On-street parking problems along roads can have a significant impact on traffic performance, especially in terms of congestion and road capacity. Vehicles parked on the road cause side obstacles, reduce traffic flow, and worsen road conditions. This study aims to evaluate the impact of on-street parking on traffic performance on Jalan Indrakila, Balikpapan City. The research method used is a quantitative approach with a case study. Primary data was obtained through field surveys that included measurements of traffic volume, lateral obstructions, and vehicle travel time. Secondary data in the form of literature and supporting documents was used to analyze road capacity and calculate the level of service. The results show that on-street parking on Jalan Indrakila causes a significant decrease in road capacity, with a degree of saturation reaching 0.8 in conditions with parking and 0.5 in conditions without parking. High side obstructions in this area also contribute to the decline in road performance. In conclusion, better parking management and careful planning are essential to reduce negative impacts on traffic and support smooth mobility and local economic growth.
Penilaian Kinerja Operasi dan Pemeliharaan Menuju Bendungan Serbaguna Wonogiri yang Berkelanjutan
Gajahmungkur also known as the Wonogiri multipurpose dam, is a long-standing dam in Wonogiri Regency, Central Java Province. After nearly five decades of operation, an evaluation of the dam's operational and maintenance performance is necessary to ensure its continued function. This study aims to analyze the actual condition of the Wonogiri multipurpose dam through a condition index assessment method for each dam component based on primary and secondary data. The assessment process is carried out by determining a condition index value that reflects the level of performance and safety of the dam area. The analysis results show that the Wonogiri multipurpose dam obtained a condition index value of 3, which is included in the moderate damage category. This finding indicates the need for maintenance measures to prevent further damage. Based on the results of observations, dense grass growth, sedimentation, and the need for repairs to the hydromechanical equipment were found. This emphasizes the importance of proper evaluation and repair for optimal and sustainable dam operation. The recommendations from this study are expected to guide more effective and efficient dam management in the future.
Pengaruh Limbah Bata Ringan dan Fly Ash Sebagai Filler terhadap Karakteristik Uji Marshal Asphalt AC-WC
The need for road infrastructure development in Indonesia continues to increase, so a more optimal, sustainable and environmentally friendly asphalt mixture is needed. In the AC-WC wear layer which functions to receive traffic loads directly, the type of filler plays an important role in determining the stability, durability and long-term performance of the pavement. The limited availability of conventional fillers such as Portland cement and stone ash encourages the use of industrial waste materials as alternatives, including fly ash and light brick waste which have mineral characteristics and grain sizes that are suitable for fillers. This research aims to analyze the effect of variations in the composition of lightweight brick filler and fly ash on the Marshall parameters of AC-WC mixtures, including stability, flow and volumetric characteristics such as VIM, VMA and VFA. Tests were carried out experimentally in the laboratory using the Marshall method based on SNI, with three variations in filler ratios of 0.25%–0.75%, 0.50%–0.50%, and 0.75%–0.25% at an optimum asphalt content of 6%, as well as a total of 24 test objects. The results show that all formulations meet the 2018 Bina Marga standards, with VIM values of 4.46%, 4.52% and 4.73% respectively. VMA is 18.08%, 18.32% and 18.65%. As well as VFA 75.36%, 75.3% and 74.62%. The stability obtained respectively was 1311 kg, 1296 kg, and 1278 kg, while the flow values were 3.4 mm, 3.23 mm, and 3.38 mm. The combination of 0.25% lightweight brick and 0.75% fly ash provides the highest stability value. Overall, the use of light brick waste and fly ash is able to improve the performance of Marshall characteristics, meet technical requirements, and has great potential as a more economical and environmentally friendly alternative filler in AC-WC mixtures.
Peningkatan Akurasi Perhitungan Kapasitas Dukung Pondasi Strauss melalui Integrasi Profil Diameter Aktual Sepanjang Tiang
Vertical variability in layered soil profiles often influences the load-bearing performance of pile foundations, particularly for Strauss piles, which exhibit non-uniform diameters and are affected by manual drilling processes. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between depth, depth–diameter ratio (D/B), ultimate bearing capacity (Qu), and allowable bearing capacity (Qall) for B50 and B60 piles based on empirical estimations and field test results. The methodology includes cone penetration resistance (Qc) analysis, bearing capacity calculation using the Meyerhof approach, and field testing to obtain actual Qu and Qall values. The results show that bearing capacity increases with depth until approximately 4.0 m before changing at subsequent depths, with field-measured Qu values remaining lower than empirical predictions, exhibiting differences of 16.993% for B50 and 17.713% for B60. Allowable bearing capacity demonstrates a similar trend, where Meyerhof predictions consistently exceed field measurements. Analysis based on D/B ratios also reveals a consistent pattern of increasing capacity toward a critical ratio followed by changes at larger ratios. Overall, the findings indicate that depth and D/B ratio are dominant parameters controlling the bearing performance of Strauss piles in layered soil conditions.
Evaluasi Manajemen Risiko pada Proyek Konstruksi Pembangunan Tembok Banjir Sungai Batang Merao Kota Sungai Penuh
Sungai Penuh City is situated within the Bukit Barisan mountain range and tropical rainforest area. A significant portion of the city falls within the Kerinci Seblat National Park, while the urban area accounts for less than half of the city’s total territory. The upstream section of the Batang Bungkal River, which flows through Sungai Penuh, has a very low rainfall absorption capacity. Consequently, rainwater flows directly into the surrounding watershed areas, which is a major contributing factor to flash floods. The flash flood disaster that occurred in Sungai Penuh in January 2024 had its most severe impact in the Hamparan Rawang District. The objective of this study is to obtain accurate information regarding the probability and impact of risks that may arise during project implementation, in order to provide appropriate recommendations, suggestions, and further control measures to minimize risk levels. The risk management framework adopted in this study is based on the Australia/New Zealand Standards (1999). This research employs a quantitative descriptive method, with data collected through interviews and questionnaires distributed to respondents. Risk evaluation and control are conducted using the four approaches outlined in AS/NZS 4360, namely: Risk avoidance,Reducing the likelihood of occurrence,Reducing the consequences of occurrence, and Risk transfer to other parties.From the 42 identified risk indicators, 11 were classified under the Extreme Risk category.
Efektivitas Penampang Drainase Berdasarkan Akumulasi Air Hujan Ruas Jalan yang Rawan Genangan di Jl. Mastrip/Jl. Selomangleng, Kota Kediri
The Universitas Kadiri area in Kediri City frequently experiences surface water accumulation during heavy rainfall due to insufficient drainage capacity, sedimentation, vegetation growth, and deterioration of channel wall plaster. These conditions indicate the need for an evaluation of drainage channel performance in accommodating rainfall runoff. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the existing drainage cross-section and to design a more adaptive and efficient channel section. The methods employed include field surveys, hydrological analysis using the Rational Method, and hydraulic analysis based on the Manning equation. The results show that the design discharge of 0.865 m³/s cannot be fully conveyed by the existing channel, which has a capacity of only 0.59 m³/s. The proposed adaptive trapezoidal section, with a bottom width of 0.80 m, height of 0.70 m, and slope of 0.008, increases the channel capacity to 2.15 m³/s, which is 2.49 times greater than the current condition. Economically, the redesign also yields a cost efficiency of up to 47%. Overall, the findings indicate that the proposed channel design is more effective, hydraulically efficient, and suitable for flat-topography areas. Furthermore, it aligns with the principles of the Sustainable Drainage System (SuDS) to support sustainable stormwater management in the Universitas Kadiri area.
Pemanfaatan Limbah UPVC Sebagai Bahan Aditif pada CPHMA (Cold Paving Hot Mix Asbuton)
Advances in road technology have encouraged efforts to improve the quality of environmentally friendly and sustainable pavement materials. One potential local material is Asbuton (Buton Asphalt), which is used in Cold Paving Hot Mix Asbuton (CPHMA) products. However, the application of CPHMA is still limited due to its relatively low stability value. This study aims to analyze the effect of adding Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (UPVC) waste on the characteristics of the CPHMA mixture and determine the optimum content that can improve its performance. The research method used was an experimental method with testing at the NTB Provincial DPU-PR Testing Center. The variation in UPVC waste addition was 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% of the weight of asphalt, using the wet process mixing method. The tests included Marshall stability, flow, Void In Mixture (VIM), Void In Mineral Aggregate (VMA), and Void Filled with Bitumen (VFB) tests, referring to the 2018 Revised General Specifications for Highways. The results showed that adding 1% UPVC waste produced the highest stability value of 968 kg with flow and volumetric parameters that still met the standards. Adding more than 2% caused a decrease in stability due to increased air voids and decreased mixture homogeneity. Based on these results, the optimum level of UPVC waste in the CPHMA mixture was found to be 1%, which provided the best balance between the stability and durability of the mixture. This study indicates that the use of UPVC waste has the potential to improve the performance of CPHMA while supporting sustainable plastic waste management.
Tinjauan Efektivitas Penampang Drainase Akibat Akumulasi Sedimen (Kolmatase) di Kawasan Jalan Selomangleng
Urban drainage systems often experience performance degradation due to sediment accumulation (colmation), even when channel dimensions comply with design standards. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the drainage cross-section affected by colmation in the Selomangleng Road area, Kediri City, and to assess the potential of an additional infiltration system as a supporting solution. The research employed a quantitative–analytical approach using hydraulic analysis based on the Manning equation to compare flow capacity under design and existing (colmated) conditions. The results indicate that channel capacity decreased from 0.62 m³/s under design conditions to 0.26 m³/s under existing conditions, resulting in a capacity loss of 0.36 m³/s and a cross-sectional effectiveness of approximately 42%. As a supplementary analysis, an infiltration trench system was designed along a total length of 350 m on both sides of the channel. With a total infiltration area of 350 m² and alluvial soil permeability of 1 × 10⁻⁵ m/s, the system provides an infiltration discharge of 0.0035 m³/s and an effective storage volume of 73.5 m³. The findings demonstrate that colmation is the primary factor reducing drainage performance, while the infiltration trench functions as a complementary solution to attenuate peak discharge and delay runoff when combined with regular channel maintenance.
Analisis Ketidakpastian Durasi Menggunakan Metode PERT dan PDM Guna Mengantisipasi Risiko Pada Proyek Konstruksi
Duration uncertainty is a major problem in construction projects because it has the potential to cause delays in implementation and increase the risk of rework. Time planning that uses only one duration estimate is often unable to represent the dynamic variations in field conditions, resulting in an unrealistic schedule. Therefore, a scheduling approach is needed that can accommodate duration uncertainty while systematically describing the relationships between activities. This study aims to analyze the duration uncertainty of work and identify critical activities in order to anticipate the risk of construction project delays. The research method used is the integration of the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and the Precedence Diagram Method (PDM). Data was obtained through interviews, field observations, and technical project document studies to determine optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic duration estimates (a–m–b). These estimates were processed using the PERT method to calculate the expected time, standard deviation, and variance of activities, then arranged in a PDM work network to determine the critical path. The results showed that the expected project duration was 225 days, with the highest level of uncertainty found in the B3 floor 6 steel beam work, which had a variance value of 2.250. The accumulated standard deviation of the critical path is 13.88 days with a variance root value of approximately ±4 days, indicating the potential for project duration deviations from the planned schedule. Therefore, it is recommended that activities with high variance on the critical path receive more intensive time control and supervision to minimize the risk of project delays.
Analisis Sebelum dan Sesudah terhadap Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas dalam Kaitannya dengan Pelebaran Jalan di Kota Batam
The growth of urban activity in Batam City as a major industrial and commercial area has significantly increased traffic volume and caused traffic congestion and road safety issues. As a result, the local government has widened a number of main roads in an effort to increase infrastructure capacity, but the impact on traffic safety still needs to be comprehensively evaluated. This study aims to analyze the effect of road widening on traffic safety levels in Batam City. The research method used is a pre-post analysis approach, combining secondary data on traffic accidents for the period 2021-2025 from the Barelang Police Traffic Unit and primary data in the form of a perception survey of 350 road users on sections that have undergone widening. The results show that road widening contributes to improved traffic flow and shapes the public's perception that the number of accidents is declining. However, official accident data still shows an increase in the number of incidents, even though the fatality rate has relatively decreased and there is a tendency for vehicle speeds to increase. Therefore, road widening cannot be used as a sole solution to improve traffic safety and needs to be integrated with speed control, improved road safety facilities, and sustainable traffic management
Pendekatan Probabilistik Berbasis PERT dengan Visualisasi TFN pada Penjadwalan Proyek Konstruksi
Uncertainty regarding the duration of activities is a major factor affecting the reliability of construction project schedules. Variability in resources, field conditions, material supplies, and other technical conditions often cause deviations between planned and actual durations. Therefore, this study aims to analyze project duration using the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) based on three-point estimates, namely optimistic (a), most likely (m), and pessimistic (b), and to visualize the duration range through Triangular Fuzzy Number representation to clarify the variation in estimates for each activity. The methods used in this study include collecting duration estimates (a, m, b) through structured interviews, calculating the Expected Time (te) for each activity, and compiling a work network using the Precedence Diagram Method (PDM) with Microsoft Project to determine the critical path and total project duration. The results of the study show that the total project duration is 170 days, with several activities on the critical path determining the project completion time, while probabilistic analysis results in a 70% chance of project completion within the target duration. The uncertainty of scheduling analysis can be resolved with a triangular fuzzy number visualization approach to extend the optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic time limits for each activity. Based on these results, this study is expected to encourage the application of PERT analysis based on three-point estimates visualized in the form of triangular distributions for each activity as a basis for setting target durations and making more realistic project acceleration decisions.
Risiko Ketidakpastian Durasi dengan Metode PERT pada Pekerjaan Struktur Atas Proyek Gedung Bertingkat
Uncertainty in duration often occurs in superstructure work due to the interdependence of activities and dynamic changes in field conditions. Deterministic scheduling methods such as the Critical Path Method (CPM) are considered incapable of representing duration variations realistically, thus requiring a probabilistic scheduling approach. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the duration of superstructure work using the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) method supported by scheduling using Microsoft Project software. The PERT method was applied through three time estimates, namely optimistic time, most likely time, and pessimistic time, with data obtained through interviews and questionnaires with experienced experts in the field of construction. Based on the analysis results, the actual duration of the project implementation reached 487 days, while the expected duration based on the PERT method was 235 days with a Z-score value of 9.79, resulting in a 47% probability of completion within the expected duration. The significant difference between the ideal duration and the actual conditions in the field indicates a 53% risk of delay that must be faced by the implementer, so that the results of this study can be used as a basis for consideration in determining a more realistic and tolerable project duration. More accurate time planning can be achieved by reducing the risk of delays through controlling and accelerating critical path activities, thereby optimizing the chances of project completion.
Kajian Bencana Banjir pada Daerah Aliran Sungai Batang Merao Kota Sungai Penuh
Sungai Penuh City is geographically located in a flood-prone area, particularly during the rainy season. This study aims to identify the main factors contributing to flooding, determine the most dominant factor, and propose solutions for future flood management. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to analyze eight parameters: rainfall, slope, erosion/sedimentation, river narrowing, land use, deforestation, sand mining (galian C), and waste. The results indicate that human activities are the dominant factors, including land use (23.7%), river narrowing (19.4%), sand mining (15.4%), deforestation (15.3%), erosion/sedimentation (11.5%), and waste (6%). Natural factors have relatively smaller contributions, namely slope (4.5%) and rainfall (4.3%). The pairwise comparison consistency test produced a CR value ≤ 0.09, confirming the reliability of the analysis. Batang Merao River was found to be the most affected by floods, driven by high rainfall, topography, land use change, deforestation, direct waste disposal into the river, and upstream sand mining activities. These findings highlight the urgent need for integrated flood management involving government, communities, and stakeholders through spatial planning control, mining regulation, and increased environmental awareness.
Perbandingan Daya Dukung Pondasi Tiang Pancang Berdasarkan Data SPT Dan Hasil Uji Pile Driving Analyzer pada Gedung Kantor Walikota Baru Mataram
The construction of the Mataram Mayor's Office requires pile foundations with adequate bearing capacity to support the building load and improve the quality of public services. This study analyzes the bearing capacity of pile foundations based on SPT test data using several calculation methods, and compares them with the results of the PDA dynamic test. By comparing several bearing capacity calculation methods, this study aims to identify the level of accuracy and deviation of theoretical estimation results from actual conditions in the field. The research method used is quantitative analysis by utilizing Standard Penetration Test (SPT) test data as the basis for calculating the bearing capacity of pile foundations using several empirical methods, namely the O'Neil & Reese, Luciano Decourt, and Briaud et al. The results show that the bearing capacity values of pile foundations calculated based on SPT test data using various empirical methods differ from the results of the PDA dynamic test, but are still within a technically acceptable range. These differences are influenced by soil characteristics and the assumptions of each method, so that certain methods tend to show results that are closer to actual conditions in the field. Pile foundation planning relies not only on theoretical calculations based on SPT data but also combines them with PDA dynamic test results to improve the accuracy and reliability of the foundation design. Furthermore, the choice of bearing capacity calculation method must be adapted to local soil conditions to ensure more representative and safe planning results.
Perbandingan Daya Dukung Pondasi Sumuran dengan Pondasi Tiang Pancang pada Tanah Pesisir Berdasarkan Data Standard Penetration Test (SPT) pada Jembatan Gantung Desa Cemara Kecamatan Lembar Kabupaten Lombok Barat
Infrastructure development in coastal areas is a strategic challenge in regional planning and civil engineering, due to complex soil characteristics, high sedimentation rates, and the influence of the marine environment that can reduce structural performance, especially in bridge construction. Saturated sandy soil conditions commonly found in coastal areas require the selection of appropriate foundation types to be able to safely support structural loads. This study aims to compare the bearing capacity of pit foundations and pile foundations on coastal soils based on Standard Penetration Test (SPT) data. The research method used is quantitative analysis with a comparative approach using the Meyerhof (1976) and Terzaghi (1943) methods. Secondary data in the form of SPT test results were obtained from the Suspension Bridge construction project in Cemara Village, Lembar District, West Lombok Regency. Calculations include end bearing capacity, cover bearing capacity, ultimate bearing capacity, allowable bearing capacity, and group pile bearing capacity. The analysis results show that pile foundations have a greater group pile bearing capacity than pit foundations. Based on the Meyerhof method (1976), the bearing capacity of the pile foundation group is 20,707.43 kN and the well foundation is 4,161.63 kN. Meanwhile, based on the Terzaghi method (1943), the bearing capacity of the pile foundation is 9,183.07 kN and the well foundation is 3,241.08 kN. These results indicate that pile foundations are more recommended for use in coastal soil conditions with low bearing capacity.
Pengaruh Variasi Kadar Lumpur pada Agregat Halus dan Penambahan Aditif terhadap Kuat Tekan Beton
The acceleration of infrastructure development in Indonesia has increased the demand for concrete, yet the use of natural sand is often hindered by silt content exceeding the 5% standard limit. Excessive silt content inhibits the hydration process and significantly reduces concrete compressive strength. This study aims to analyze the effect of silt content variations in fine aggregates and the effectiveness of plasticizer additives on the compressive strength of concrete with a design strength of f'c = 20 MPa. The experimental research used silt content variations of 2.82%, 13.52%, 21.71%, and 30.81%. Testing included material analysis, slump tests, and compressive strength tests on 15x30 cm cylindrical specimens at 3 days, converted to 28-day estimates based on PBI 1971. The results indicated that increasing silt content caused a drastic decrease in slump values and compressive strength. At the highest silt content (30.81%) without additives, compressive strength decreased by 36.34% to only 12.73 MPa. However, adding Additon H.E at a dosage of 200 ml/sack consistently improved workability and restored concrete strength, with increases ranging from 26.47% to 35.83% compared to concrete without additives. In conclusion, plasticizer additives are proven effective as an engineering solution to optimize concrete performance even when using low-quality materials.
Perhitungan Kapasitas Kolam Retensi Rumah Susun Dosen Politeknik PU
Water conservation utilizing rainwater is very effective and efficient both in the rainy season and in the dry season. The construction of this lecturer housing must be supported by a good drainage system so as not to increase the burden of water runoff to the surrounding area. Problems that can be formulated include: what is the flood discharge of the return period Q2, Q5 and Q10 before and after the construction of the Rusun Dosen Polythecnic PU, how long can the retention pond and other water structures accommodate the flood discharge in the area, what alternatives can be implemented if the capacity of the retention pond and other structures cannot accommodate the flood discharge in the area. The purpose of this study is to analyze the flood discharge of the return period Q2, Q5 and Q10 before and after the construction. Analyze water structures that can accommodate flood discharge. Analyze alternatives that can be applied. The methodology used is data collection, data analysis (maximum rainfall, rainfall distribution, flood discharge) and calculation of the capacity of water structures. The conclusions obtained are: the potential flood discharge of existing conditions is 0.119 m3/sec, the potential flood discharge after the construction is 0.303 m3/sec, there is an increase in flood discharge of 0.184 m3/sec, the capacity of water structures: retention ponds can accommodate flood discharge of 1,408.53 m3, RWT can accommodate flood discharge of 92.4 m3, infiltration wells can accommodate flood discharge of 25.12 m3, drainage channels can accommodate flood discharge of 143.2 m3. The total capacity of the retention pond and other water structures will be full if it rains for 2.52 hours. This does not meet SNI 03-3424-1994 standards. The recommendation is to enlarge the channel dimensions
Balok Kayu Sengon Laut dengan Perkuatan CFRP pada Serat Tarik dan Tekan Ditinjau terhadap Pembebanan Lentur
The increasing demand for economical and environmentally friendly housing has driven the use of local materials such as sengon laut (Falcataria moluccana) as structural elements in buildings. Sengon laut is a fast-growing and relatively pest-resistant species, but its flexural strength is relatively low. To improve its performance, this study analyzed the effect of using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) as a reinforcing material in sengon laut beams under flexural loading. The study began with laboratory tensile testing of sengon laut, CFRP, and epoxy resin to obtain tensile strength, elongation, and modulus of elasticity. The test data were then used as input for material properties in a numerical analysis using the Midas Gen 2019 program. The analysis was conducted on two beam models: an unreinforced beam and a beam with CFRP reinforcement in both tension and compression. Simulation results showed that the sengon laut beam with CFRP reinforcement had significantly increased flexural capacity and stiffness compared to the unreinforced beam. Maximum stress was reduced, deflection was reduced, and stress distribution was more even. The CFRP layer helps resist tensile and compressive forces, thereby slowing crack formation and increasing the overall load-bearing capacity of the structure. These results conclude that the use of CFRP is effective in increasing flexural strength and reducing deflection in sengon laut wood beams. With its lightweight, strong, and easy-to-apply characteristics, CFRP has the potential to be an innovative solution for reinforcing sengon laut wood in economically and sustainably constructed residential buildings.
Study Penempatan Shearwall terhadap Stabilisasi Gedung Walikota Mataram dengan Menggunakan Aplikasi SAP 2000
The Mataram Mayor's Building, West Nusa Tenggara, consists of 3 floors with a total height of 14.25 m. All floors of the building use reinforced concrete structures, which make them vulnerable to lateral forces, especially those caused by earthquakes. Earthquakes risk causing building damage, therefore a special frame-bearing structure is needed to withstand earthquake forces to prevent structural failure, therefore shear walls are needed to withstand lateral forces. The placement and shape of shear walls affect the building's ability to withstand lateral forces. The problem of researchers in this study is how to compare the effectiveness of the four variations of shear walls when resisting lateral forces. So that researchers get the goal of knowing the value of floor deviations in the x and y directions and knowing the optimal placement location point in resisting lateral forces. In this study, a general type of data collection method is used, namely data collection carried out by collecting working drawings from project service providers. Based on the results of the analysis of the four existing models, it can be concluded that the placement of the shear wall position is more effective if placed at the right corner of the L-shaped building, if viewed from the results of the floor deviation values in the x and y directions. Where the overall floor deviation in the x direction of variation 1 is 1.12 mm, while the deviation in the y direction is 2.80 mm.
Penerapan SNI 2847:2019 dalam Evaluasi Kapasitas Lentur dan Geser Balok Beton Bertulang dengan Data Aktual
Reinforced concrete beams are primary structural elements responsible for transferring gravity loads and play a crucial role in maintaining the stability and safety of building structures. In construction practice, variations in concrete strength, reinforcement ratios, and execution irregularities often cause the flexural and shear behavior of beams to differ from design assumptions, making capacity evaluation based on actual section data necessary. This study aims to evaluate the flexural and shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams and to assess the level of capacity utilization under design gravity loads. The research method employs an analytical approachc approach using section geometry, material properties, reinforcement configuration, and gravity loading obtained from design documents. Internal forces are calculated using static equations for simply supported beams, while flexural and shear capacities are determined in accordance with the provisions of SNI 2847:2019 and the load combinations specified in SNI 1727:2020. The results indicate that the factored bending moment of 232.37 kNm and the shear force of 84.88 kN remain below the design capacities φMn of 452.81 kNm and φVn of 206.86 kN, resulting in utilization ratios of 0.51 and 0.41, respectively. The provided flexural and shear reinforcement also satisfies strength and detailing requirements. It is recommended that evaluations based on actual section data be consistently applied to improve design reliability and quality control in reinforced concrete beam construction.
Pengaruh Variasi Volume Serat Kawat Loket terhadap Sifat Mekanik Beton Mutu Normal
Concrete is a construction material that is widely used in infrastructure development due to its high compressive strength; however, it has relatively low tensile strength and exhibits brittle behavior. Various efforts have been made to improve the mechanical properties of concrete, one of which is through the addition of reinforcing materials such as PVC-coated welded wire mesh. Nevertheless, the effect of PVC-coated welded wire mesh on the mechanical properties of normal concrete still requires further investigation. This study aims to analyze the effect of adding PVC-coated welded wire mesh on the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of normal concrete. The research method was conducted experimentally in a laboratory using cylindrical specimens measuring 15 cm × 30 cm, which were tested at the age of 28 days. The variations of welded wire mesh addition were 0% (normal concrete), 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% of the concrete volume, with the same mix composition applied to all variations. Compressive strength testing was carried out in accordance with SNI 1974:2011, while splitting tensile strength testing followed the applicable standards. The results showed that normal concrete achieved the highest compressive strength of 25.32 MPa and splitting tensile strength of 13.76 MPa. The addition of PVC-coated welded wire mesh resulted in a decrease in compressive strength by 24.33% at 0.5%, 27.41% at 0.75%, and 71.00% at 1%, as well as a reduction in splitting tensile strength by 35.25%, 44.91%, and 38.37%, respectively. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the addition of PVC-coated welded wire mesh at the investigated variations was not able to improve the mechanical properties of normal concrete. Therefore, future studies are recommended to investigate variations in the shape, size, and configuration of the welded wire mesh, as well as the use of other admixtures to enhance workability and bonding performance in concrete
Kinerja Stabilisasi Campuran Aspal Panas AC-WC Menggunakan Aspal Modifikasi (Elastomer) dengan Penambahan Lateks
Pavements in Indonesia often experience damage before the planned service life is reached, one of which is caused by permanent deformation due to excessive load pressure, such as that produced by heavy vehicles. This study aims to analyze the effect of latex addition on the characteristics of AC-WC pavement type asphalt mixtures using elastomer modified asphalt. The use of asphalt is varied in five levels, namely 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, and 6% of the total aggregate weight. The AC-WC mixture manufacturing process refers to the 2018 Bina Marga specifications (Revision 2). The results showed that the addition of latex affected the characteristics of the Marshall value in the asphalt mixture compared to conventional asphalt, where the VMA value with latex additives decreased by 1% at a latex content of 5% with a value of 18.029. The VFA value decreased by 1% at a latex content of 5% with a value of 73.805. The VIM value in this mixture is still within the required specifications, which is between 3% and 5%. The stability value increased significantly at 7% latex content with a value of 3249.7, while the MQ value increased significantly at 7% latex content with a value of 2214.137. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that asphalt containing latex has better durability compared to conventional asphalt, so it can be used as an alternative to improve the quality of road pavement in Indonesia.
Kajian Eksperimental dan Numerikal Kekuatan dan Daktilitas Mortar-filled Hollow Column akibat Beban Aksial Konsentris
The axial load-carrying capacity of hollow concrete columns significantly decreases when the wall thickness is inadequate, leading to premature crushing or instability of the outer shell. The internal void causes the column wall to behave as a thin shell structure, rendering it susceptible to local buckling and stiffness degradation. Several structural failures, particularly in hollow pile foundations and prestressed concrete poles, have been attributed to this reduction in load-bearing capacity. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of mortar infill as an internal strengthening technique to enhance the strength and ductility of hollow concrete columns while maintaining a reduced self-weight. The research employs both experimental and numerical approaches. The experimental program involves axial compression tests on eleven hollow cylindrical specimens with varying wall thicknesses and mortar infill configurations. Complementary finite element analyses are conducted to calibrate a material constitutive model consistent with the experimental behavior, followed by the development of a numerical interaction diagram tailored for hollow column systems. The results demonstrate that mortar infill substantially improves the axial compressive strength, with the extent of enhancement being proportional to the mortar’s compressive strength. Furthermore, the infill induces a more uniform stress distribution and triaxial confinement effect, leading to an improvement of up to 5.6% in lateral performance. Overall, mortar infill is shown to be an effective internal strengthening method that enhances structural stability and delays sudden failure in hollow concrete columns.
Perbandingan Kolom Baja, Beton Bertulang, dan Komposit terhadap Perilaku dan Kekuatan Struktur Gedung Bertingkat
Columns are one of the main structural elements that serve to transfer loads to the foundation. The choice of column material affects the diversity of the structural capacity of multi-story buildings. This study aims to compare steel, reinforced concrete, and composite columns in terms of the behavior and strength of multi-story buildings. This study uses a 7-story building model and a 1-story roof with 3 column model variations, including model 1 steel column, model 2 reinforced concrete column, and model 3 composite column. All three models use steel beams and bondeck floor slabs. The analysis was performed using ETABS v22.0 to compare structural behavior, inter-story shear forces, inter-story deflections, structural safety, and forces in beam and column elements. The results show that the reinforced concrete column model provides the best results for building behavior parameters, including period and translation, as well as internal force values in beams. The steel column model performs best for ground floor shear force parameters. The composite column model performed best in terms of inter-story deflection and internal force values in columns. In addition, no over-stressed structural elements were found in the three models. It was concluded that composite columns had the best structural capacity, combining concrete material that is strong against compression and steel material with high tensile strength to produce a stronger and more efficient structure. Recommendations for further research include using more varied building configurations and reviewing the economic aspects of structural work.
Faktor Penyebab Kegagalan Kontraktor dalam Proses Tender di Kalimantan Timur
The tender process is a crucial stage in the procurement of government construction projects because it plays a role in determining competent and capable contractors. However, in its implementation, many contractors still experience failure in the tender process, especially in construction projects in East Kalimantan. This condition indicates the existence of various factors that need to be analyzed systematically. This study aims to identify the dominant factors that cause contractors to fail in participating in the tender process of construction projects. The research method used is a descriptive approach by collecting primary data through questionnaires to contractors as respondents. Data were analyzed using validity tests, reliability tests and frequency analysis based on the average value (mean). The results of the study show that contractor failure is influenced by four main aspects, namely administrative aspects, technical aspects, price aspects and other aspects, with dominance in administrative and technical aspects. The results of this study emphasize the importance for contractors to improve work through more planned, systematic, and appropriate administrative and technical planning management in accordance with the provisions of the procurement documents. On the other hand, the government as the procurement organizer needs to improve guidance, socialization and evaluation of the fulfillment of administrative and technical requirements so that the tender implementation can take place effectively, efficiently, transparently and support the improvement of the quality of construction project implementation.
Implementasi BIM 5D dalam Perancangan Rumah RISHA Menggunakan Autodesk Revit
The need for efficient and integrated housing planning has encouraged the adoption of digital technologies in the construction sector, particularly in the development of Rumah Instan Sederhana Sehat (RISHA). Conventional planning practices for RISHA often result in inconsistencies between drawings, quantity calculations, and cost estimates. This study aims to implement Building Information Modeling (BIM) 5D using Autodesk Revit in the design of RISHA housing to achieve integrated and accurate planning. The research employed a descriptive–analytical method with quantitative and qualitative approaches, involving BIM 3D modeling, quantity take-off analysis, and cost estimation based on the AHSP of Ministry of Public Works and Housing Regulation No. 8 of 2023, adjusted to local unit prices in Klaten Regency. The results indicate that the application of BIM 5D produces a construction cost estimate of approximately Rp 122.135.014,70 for a ±36 m² RISHA house and improves design visualization and data consistency. The study concludes that BIM 5D is effective for the design of modular precast RISHA housing and contributes to the advancement of digital transformation in housing construction planning in Indonesia.
Evaluasi Modulus Resilien dan Perilaku Fatigue Campuran Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) Menggunakan Aspal Modifikasi Asbuton Murni Lawele
Pure Lawele Asbuton is a local natural asphalt with a high bitumen content and significant potential as a sustainable alternative binder for road pavement applications. This study aims to evaluate the mechanistic performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures incorporating Lawele Asbuton through resilient modulus and fatigue resistance testing. SMA mixtures containing Lawele Asbuton were compared with mixtures using conventional Pen 60/70 asphalt and polymer-modified asphalt Starbit E-55. All tests were conducted at the Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) determined using the Marshall method. The results indicate that SMA mixtures with modified binders exhibit superior mechanistic performance compared to Pen 60/70 asphalt. The PMA 2% mixture achieved resilient modulus values of 578 MPa at 35°C and 198 MPa at 45°C, along with a fatigue life of 242,660 cycles at a strain level of ±400 µε, which is significantly higher than that of the Pen 60/70 mixture. These findings demonstrate that pure Lawele Asbuton (PMA 2%) has strong potential as a local alternative binder capable of enhancing the structural performance and fatigue resistance of SMA mixtures.
Rekomendasi Kebijakan Zero Waste Melalui Pemanfaatan Abu Pembakaran Sampah Residu sebagai Material Konstruksi Berkelanjutan
The construction sector faces a dual challenge of high carbon emissions and resource depletion, amidst an urgent municipal solid waste crisis in Indonesia. While incineration has been implemented to reduce waste volume, it produces Incineration Bottom Ash and Fly Ash (IBA/IFA) that remains largely underutilized. This study aims to evaluate the potential of Incineration Ash as an eco-friendly construction material and to formulate strategic policy recommendations to support the vision of zero waste and a circular economy. Utilizing a narrative review method of 20 strategic literatures (2015–2025), the research finds that incineration ash possesses superior pozzolanic characteristics, capable of producing construction materials with compressive strengths up to 17 MPa while reducing CO₂ emissions by 14.60% to 22.63%. However, industrial-scale implementation is hindered by a "Regulatory Paradox," where ash is technically proven safe through encapsulation but remains legally classified as hazardous waste (B3) under Government Regulation No. 22/2021. The study formulates three transformative policy recommendations: (1) Reclassifying treated incineration ash as non-hazardous building material post-TCLP testing; (2) Issuing specific national technical standards (SNI) for ash-based materials; and (3) Stimulating market demand through Green Public Procurement. This research concludes that synchronizing environmental regulations with technical infrastructure standards is the key to transforming waste burdens into sustainable construction resources in Indonesia.
Evaluasi Wastage Level Material Struktur (Besi, Kayu, dan Beton) pada Proyek Rumah Susun Pemerintah di Surakarta
The construction industry is one of the sectors with a high level of material waste, particularly in structural works of building projects. Material waste not only leads to project cost inefficiencies but also increases environmental burdens and contradicts the principles of sustainable construction, especially in government-funded apartment projects that demand high accountability. Therefore, evaluating material waste based on actual field data is essential to improve material management performance. This study aims to evaluate the level of material waste (wastage level) of structural materials, including reinforcing steel, formwork plywood, and concrete, in a government apartment project in the City of Surakarta. The research employed a descriptive quantitative approach with a case study method, using a comparison between material acceptance data and actual material usage during the execution of structural works. The results indicate that reinforcing steel exhibits the highest average wastage level at 13.38%, followed by plywood at 9.90%, while concrete shows the lowest wastage at 2.50%. The highest wastage in steel materials occurs in M6 wiremesh, reaching 55.74%, whereas the highest plywood wastage is found in 12 mm plywood at 17.73%. The relatively low concrete wastage reflects the effectiveness of ready-mix concrete procurement systems in controlling material volume and minimizing residual waste.Based on these findings, it is recommended to improve steel cutting planning, select more durable formwork materials, and strengthen on-site material control to reduce material waste and support the implementation of sustainable construction practices in government housing projects.
Back Analysis dan Validasi Numerik-Manual Parameter Residual Soil: Studi Kasus Longsoran Bendungan Bagong
A landslide on the left abutment of the Bagong Dam on 14 August 2025 indicated a significant gap between the design parameters and the actual field conditions, particularly within the critical zone of weathered limestone and residual soil (RQD = 0–11%). This study aims to validate the geotechnical parameters of the dam abutment through back analysis of the actual landslide and to formulate safe slope geometry design recommendations. A comprehensive research methodology is employed, integrating geological characterization based on six boreholes, parametrized back analysis using ten reference materials with similar geological conditions, cross-method validation between the Limit Equilibrium method (manual Fellenius method) and the finite element method (PLAXIS LE), GSI–Hoek–Brown validation for weathered rock zones, and parameter sensitivity analysis. The results show that the validated parameters c = 35,5 kPa and φ = 23° represent the critical field conditions, yielding safety factors of FS = 1,173 (PLAXIS LE) and FS = 1,2588 (Fellenius method), with an inter-method deviation of 7,32%. Sensitivity analysis identifies the pore pressure ratio (Ru) as the dominant controlling factor (ΔFS/ΔRu = –0,155), explaining the failure mechanism during the rainy season. The optimal design recommendation is a stepped slope geometry with a single berm at elevation 320 m and a slope angle of 33°, resulting in FS = 1,629, which satisfies construction safety criteria (FS ≥ 1,35) and represents a 38,8% increase in stability compared with the existing condition.
Prediksi Penurunan Pondasi Tiang Bor Menggunakan Metode Support Vector Machine
The settlement of bored pile foundations is one of the critical factors affecting the stability of structures, thereby requiring accurate prediction methods. Along with technological advancements, prediction methods have also evolved, creating new opportunities to simplify the estimation process and obtain more precise results. Support Vector Machine (SVM), as one of the machine learning methods, provides an efficient way to predict foundation settlement compared to direct field measurements.This research aims to develop a predictive model for bored pile foundation settlement using Support Vector Machine (SVM) and to validate its accuracy by comparing the predicted settlement results with analytical settlement calculations. The study utilized field test data, namely the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), building load data (Q), and foundation data obtained from various literature sources. The input parameters considered include pile length (L), pile diameter (D), end bearing capacity (Qp), and shaft resistance (Qs), while the output parameter is foundation settlement.The performance of the model was evaluated using the R² and RMSE metrics. The results indicate that, on training data, the model achieved an R value of 0.9943 and an RMSE of 0.1, demonstrating excellent ability in learning data patterns. However, a considerable performance drop was observed on testing data, with an R value of 0.447 and an RMSE of 0.394. This large discrepancy between training and testing performance suggests mild overfitting, where the model performs very accurately on previously seen data but lacks generalization capability when applied to unseen cases
Pengaruh Bekisting Multiplek dan Papan Kayu terhadap Kuat Tekan Beton
Formwork is a critical component in concrete construction as it functions as a temporary mold that can influence concrete quality, particularly during placement and early curing stages. In construction practice, especially in small- to medium-scale projects, timber formwork is still widely used due to economic considerations; however, its water-absorbing characteristics may reduce concrete compressive strength. As an alternative, plywood formwork and various surface coatings have been applied, yet their comparative influence on concrete compressive strength has not been extensively evaluated in a systematic manner. This study aims to analyze the effect of formwork material and surface coating type on the 28-day compressive strength of concrete. An experimental laboratory method was employed using cubic specimens measuring 15×15×15 cm, with two target concrete grades of 20 MPa and 30 MPa. The variations included steel, timber, and plywood formwork, combined with plastic sheet coating, release oil, and oil-based paint. Compressive strength testing was conducted at 28 days, and the results were analyzed using a descriptive–comparative approach with steel formwork as the reference. The results indicate that plywood-based formwork, particularly plywood coated with oil-based paint, produced compressive strength values closest to the reference. In contrast, timber-based formwork showed greater reductions in compressive strength across both concrete grades. Based on these findings, the use of plywood formwork with paint coating is recommended as a more reliable alternative to timber formwork under similar testing conditions.
Kajian Arsitektur Kontekstual pada Bangunan Museum Islam Indonesia K.H. Hasyim Asy'ari, Jombang
The KH. Hasyim Asy'ari Indonesian Islamic Museum in Jombang is an example of a building that implicitly applies a contextual architectural approach, as seen in its design elements that respond to local culture and the surrounding environment. This study is necessary because the concept is not explained in official documentation, but can be recognized through the form, materials, and architectural style that combine traditional and modern elements. This research refers to Brent C. Brolin's theory of contextual architecture in Architecture in Context as well as related books and journals that cover indicators of a contextual approach and two principles, namely harmony and contrast. The purpose of this study is to identify the principles of contextual architecture at the KH. Hasyim Asy'ari Indonesian Islamic Museum in terms of form, scale, proportion, color, material, and style, as well as to determine whether the approach is harmonious or contrasting with the surrounding context. The method used is deductive qualitative descriptive through data collection and observation with relevant theories to analyze the characteristics and application of contextual architecture in the museum case study. The results show that the museum applies the principle of contrasting contextual architecture according to the indicators formulated from the above theory. These findings contribute to the development of contextual architecture theory in religious culture and can be used as a reference for the design of religious buildings or the layout of other Islamic boarding school areas in Java so that they remain in harmony with local values.
Peningkatan Vitalitas Kawasan Bersejarah Melalui Strategi Retrofitting di Kota Lama Padang
The Padang Old Town area is a historic urban district that has experienced a decline in vitality due to physical deterioration, shifts in the city’s economic center, and weak integration between social functions and spatial connectivity. Previous development efforts have largely been fragmented and have not succeeded in restoring the area’s dynamic urban life in a sustainable manner. These conditions indicate the need for a more adaptive and context-sensitive transformation approach that responds to both historical values and contemporary urban activities. This study aims to formulate strategies for enhancing the vitality of the Padang Old Town through an urban retrofitting approach that integrates physical improvement, social activation, and spatial connectivity. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis through vitality mapping and identification of dominant local influencing factors with qualitative interpretation to develop area typologies and targeted intervention strategies.The findings reveal nine specific typologies derived from the synthesis of vitality quadrants and dominant spatial factors, which are subsequently consolidated into three main intervention concepts: Re-Connect, Re-Use, and Re-Activation. These concepts function to improve inter-zone accessibility, optimize existing physical assets through adaptive reuse and heritage conservation, and reactivate social and cultural dynamics by providing inclusive public spaces. This study recommends the phased implementation of retrofitting strategies based on typological priorities, supported by adaptive regulatory frameworks, to ensure sustainable urban vitality while preserving the historical identity of the Padang Old Town area.
Performance Evaluation of Marshall Mixed Asphalt Concrete-Binder Course (AC-BC) Using Modified LDPE Waste Asphalt with the Wet Method
The critical issue of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) plastic waste and the need to improve the durability of asphalt pavement underlie this study. Until now, studies on the utilization of plastic waste have focused more on surface layers (AC-WC), while in-depth research on binder layers (AC-BC) is still very limited. The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of LDPE plastic waste utilization on the Marshall characteristics of Asphalt Concrete-Binder Course (AC-BC) mixtures using the wet mix method. This study used an experimental method in the laboratory. After determining the control Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) of 5.5%, Marshall testing was carried out on AC-BC mixtures with variations in LDPE addition (5%, 6%, and 7%) and variations in asphalt content (5%, 5.5%, 6%, and 6.5%). The results showed that the addition of LDPE increased the Marshall stability value. The highest stability value reached 2402 kg at an LDPE addition rate of 7% with an asphalt content of 5%. In addition, the addition of LDPE also increased the Flow, Marshall Quotient (MQ), Voids in Mix (VIM), Voids Filled with Asphalt (VFA), and Voids in Mineral Aggregate (VMA) values. In conclusion, the utilization of LDPE plastic waste has a significant effect on the mechanical and volumetric characteristics of AC-BC mixtures.
Penjadwalan Ulang Proyek Pembangunan Perumahan Unit Nabawi Grand Zam Zam dengan Metode Linear Scheduling Method (LSM)
Scheduling is one of the crucial aspects in the execution of construction projects, as it directly affects the project's resource requirements. Therefore, an appropriate method is needed to obtain an effective and efficient schedule. This study conducts a rescheduling using the Linear Scheduling Method (LSM) on the Nabawi Grand Zam Zam Housing Project, aiming to provide an alternative schedule for comparison with the initial schedule prepared by the contractor. The data used in this research includes the initial project schedule in the form of an S-curve, along with other supporting data such as the budget plan and the housing site plan. The final result of the LSM calculation, considering the delays, shows that the 68-unit housing project can be completed within 148 working days. This indicates that the schedule produced using the LSM method is more optimal than the existing project schedule, which requires 156 working days (a difference of 8 days). Therefore, based on the conducted research, scheduling using the Linear Scheduling Method can improve time efficiency in project execution.
Indicators of Social Sustainability in The Airport Terminal Infrastructure
Infrastructure development, including airport terminals, is increasing in Indonesia. This development is carried out to support the needs of the Indonesian people and facilitate connectivity between regions. The application of sustainable development principles in the construction sector has become an urgent need, along with the increasing awareness of the long-term impact of public infrastructure on society. Social sustainability is crucial to consider in construction, especially airport terminal infrastructure, because public infrastructure directly interacts with the needs and satisfaction of the community as end users. This study was conducted to identify and define social sustainability criteria applied to airport terminal infrastructure. This study uses primary data obtained from a questionnaire survey containing social sustainability criteria for airport terminal infrastructure. This study focuses on the operational and maintenance phase of the construction project. Data were collected by distributing questionnaires to airport operators, construction service providers, and international airport users. The method used in this study began with variable synthesis, a preliminary survey, a pilot test, and continued with the main survey. These variables were analyzed using mean and standard deviation tests. This research identified 21 relevant indicators to measure the social sustainability of airport terminal buildings. The most important social sustainability indicator is the indicator that the airport terminal provides a sense of security for users against threats and dangers. Further research can be conducted by developing a framework for assessing the social sustainability aspects of airport terminals.
Analisis Hidrograf Banjir Akibat Pemindahan Alur Sungai pada Sungai Kaliyasa Baru Menggunakan Model Hec-HMS
River channel realignment is a common river engineering measure to support regional development and flood mitigation; however, it may significantly alter river hydrological characteristics. This study aims to analyze changes in flood hydrographs resulting from the realignment of the New Kaliyasa River in the PLTU Cilacap area using the HEC-HMS hydrological model. Areal rainfall was determined using the Thiessen polygon method based on annual maximum daily rainfall data from nearby rainfall stations. Design rainfall was estimated through frequency analysis using several probability distributions, namely Normal, Log-Normal, Gumbel, and Log Pearson Type III, which were evaluated using the Chi-square and Smirnov–Kolmogorov goodness-of-fit tests. The results indicate that all tested distributions are acceptable; however, the Gumbel distribution was selected as the best-fit distribution due to its smallest maximum deviation value. The selected design rainfall was then transformed into hourly rainfall using the Alternating Block Method (ABM). Hydrological modeling with HEC-HMS was conducted to generate design flood hydrographs for various return periods. The simulation results show variations in peak discharge, time to peak, and runoff volume, reflecting the hydrological response of the Kaliyasa watershed after river channel realignment. This study demonstrates that HEC-HMS is effective in representing flood characteristics and can serve as a technical basis for evaluating river capacity and planning flood control measures in the PLTU Cilacap area.
Kompetensi Tenaga Kerja Kontraktor terhadap Implementasi SMKK Proyek Pembangunan Gedung Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Andalas Tahun 2025
The construction industry is recognized as a sector with a high risk of occupational accidents due to the complexity of work activities, the involvement of a large workforce, and the use of hazardous equipment and working methods. To control these risks, the Indonesian government mandates the implementation of the Construction Safety Management System (SMKK) through Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Housing No. 10 of 2021. However, its implementation in the field is still strongly influenced by the competence of contractor workers, particularly in terms of knowledge, skills, and attitudes toward occupational safety. This study aims to analyze the competence of contractor workers in supporting the implementation of SMKK at the Integrated Skills Laboratory Building Project of the Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Andalas, in 2025. A descriptive research design with a mixed-methods approach was employed, involving quantitative data collection through questionnaires and qualitative data obtained from observations and interviews. Descriptive analysis was conducted to assess workers’ levels of knowledge, skills, and attitudes toward SMKK implementation. The results indicate that workforce competence is generally categorized as moderate to good; however, weaknesses remain in the consistency of safe work procedure implementation and safety discipline on site. Based on these findings, this study recommends strengthening behavior-based safety training, improving supervisory practices, and implementing continuous workforce development to enhance the effectiveness of SMKK and promote a sustainable safety culture in construction projects.
Analisis Kerusakan Jalan Muara Pinang-Muara Payang dengan Metode IRI Menggunakan Aplikasi Smartphone
The road between Muara Pinang and Muara Payang Villages is severely damaged. Research is needed to assess the level of road service in terms of road surface roughness. The purpose of this study is to analyze the level of road roughness in Muara Pinang and Muara Payang Villages, Empat Lawang Regency, and to provide recommendations for addressing road damage. The method used is the International Roughness Index (IRI) based on the Roadbump Pro smartphone application. The survey was conducted over a 10.5 km stretch, divided into 100-meter segments, using an SUV at a speed of 40-50 km/h. Measurement data showed that most of the road was in the severely damaged category with an average IRI value of 13-14 m/km, indicating poor road surface conditions. These results confirm that the condition of the road pavement at the study site requires serious attention for immediate maintenance and repair. The use of smartphone technology has proven effective and efficient in conducting road condition surveys. Based on the results of the data analysis, the road handling recommendations that must be carried out are improvements or reconstruction.
Perencanaan Tebal Perkerasan dengan Metode Manual Desain Perkerasan Jalan 2024 (MDPJ 2024) dan Rencana Anggaran Biaya Studi Kasus di Ruas Jalan Muara Siau – Dusun Tuo Kabupaten Merangin
The Muara Siau – Tuo Hamlet Road section in Merangin Regency which is a strategic connecting route that has an important role in community mobility and the distribution of agricultural and plantation products. The condition of the road has suffered severe damage such as cracks, holes and bumpy surfaces due to the presence of high-tonnage and repetitive plantation and sirtu transportation. The method used in rigid pavement planning is to use the 2024 road pavement design manual (MDPJ). This study aims to plan the thickness of road pavement and cost budget plan on the Muara Siau – Tuo Hamlet section. The results of this study were obtained with a thickness of 20 cm of class A foundation layer, 15 cm of thin concrete foundation layer, 25 cm of cement concrete pavement, the cost budget plan required is Rp. 6.896.250.084.
Karakteristik Mekanik dan Estetika Beton dengan Material Limbah Batu Onyx sebagai Alternatif Agregat Kasar
The high consumption of natural aggregates in concrete production has led to increased exploitation of natural resources, causing environmental degradation. At the same time, the natural stone industry, particularly Onyx stone processing, generates a significant amount of solid waste that has not been optimally utilized. This study aims to evaluate the effect of using Onyx stone waste as a partial substitution for coarse aggregate on the compressive strength of concrete cylinders and the aesthetic quality of concrete surfaces. A quantitative approach with a pure experimental method was employed. Concrete cylinder specimens with a diameter of 150 mm and a height of 300 mm were prepared with Onyx waste substitution levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, with five specimens for each variation. Compressive strength testing was conducted at 28 days in accordance with SNI 1974:2011, while aesthetic aspects were evaluated through visual observation of the concrete surface. The results indicate that Onyx waste substitution of up to 10% does not cause a significant reduction in compressive strength compared to control concrete, with an average value of 28.16 MPa. However, substitutions of 20% and 30% result in statistically significant strength reductions. In terms of aesthetics, higher Onyx content enhances surface color variation and texture. Therefore, the use of Onyx stone waste is recommended as an alternative coarse aggregate up to a maximum level of 10% to achieve environmentally friendly concrete with adequate mechanical performance and improved aesthetic value.
Manajemen dan Rekayasa Lalu Lintas Akibat Beroperasinya Akses Tol Tarok City
In the construction of the Padang - Sicincin toll road, toll access is also opened which is directly connected to the national road. This toll access must be met as a form of traffic safety mitigation. This study aims to project the level of service of the intersection. And only focuses on the level of service of the intersection during the toll concession period (until 2050) and what is the ideal traffic management and engineering can be implemented at the intersection. Analysis method uses the Indonesian Road Capacity Manual (1997). Based on survey results show that in the 2025 traffic volume reaches 21,514 vehicles / day with on peak hour volume of 1,712 vehicles / hour (peak hour factor 7.9%), currently the intersection has an intersection delay of 31 SMP / Second (LoS D), these results indicate that the intersection service level exceeds the maximum limit required (25 seconds and LoS C). From the intersection’s existing performance, it is projected that the intersection performance until 2050 will have traffic growth of 4.8% - 5.2% per year. Therefore, several mitigation measures are recommended in 2025-2030 in the form of providing road equipment facilities, adjusting intersection cycle times, in 2030-2040 implementing changes to traffic cycle times, and changing traffic flow from the toll exit direction, and in 2041-2050 changing the intersection type to a non-level intersection. Based on these recommendations, the intersection service level will be 24 sec/SMP (LoS C) in 2025, 17 sec/SMP in 2030, 18 sec/SMP in 2035, 21 sec/SMP in 2040, and 24 sec/SMP in 2045. Based on the analysis results, intersection service will increase by 50% - 70% after implementing traffic management and engineering.
Analisis Nilai Hasil pada Proyek Konstruksi Bangunan di Kota Jambi
This research evaluates the cost and schedule performance of the Skywalk Construction Project at Bhayangkara Hospital TK II, Jambi Regional Police, using the Earned Value Management (EVM) method. By integrating cost, schedule, and physical progress, EVM provides an objective basis for assessing project performance and forecasting completion. Analysis up to the 22nd week focused on the Cost Performance Index (CPI) and Schedule Performance Index (SPI). Results show that project costs were efficient during weeks 1–19 (CPI > 1), but experienced overruns in weeks 21–23 (CPI < 1). In terms of schedule, delays occurred in week 1 and weeks 17–22 (SPI < 1), while weeks 2–16 indicated accelerated progress (SPI > 1). The Estimate At Schedule (EAS) method predicted project completion in 150 days or 22 weeks, confirming a delay from the original schedule. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of continuous monitoring and control to improve cost efficiency and schedule adherence in construction project management.
Analisis Struktur Pembangunan Gedung Bertingkat 16 Lantai Menggunakan Software Etabs V.21 pada Green Rusun Jagakarsa, Jakarta Selatan
Rapid development in urban areas, especially in South Jakarta, has led to an increased need for safe, comfortable, and space-efficient vertical housing. One solution to meet this need is the construction of Green Rusun Jagakarsa, which is designed as sustainable housing with the application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology. In the context of high-rise building construction, structural analysis is a crucial aspect to ensure resistance to various types of loads, especially lateral loads caused by earthquakes. This study aims to analyze the structural design of the 16-story Green Rusun Jagakarsa building using ETABS V.21 software with equivalent static analysis and dynamic analysis (response spectrum) methods. Structural modeling was performed using Autodesk Revit 2026 to produce accurate building elements before analysis with ETABS. Evaluations were conducted on important parameters such as displacement, interstory drift, base shear, and compliance with SNI 1726:2019 and SNI 2847:2019 regulations. The analysis results show that the first mode has a vibration period of 2.856 seconds with a mass participation of 79.29% in the X direction and reaching 91.08% in the Y direction up to the 12th mode. No significant horizontal irregularities were found, although there was a V.3 type vertical irregularity on the ground floor. Overall, the building structure is declared stable, strong, and meets earthquake-resistant planning standards. In conclusion, the use of ETABS and Revit has proven effective in producing accurate, efficient structural designs that comply with national standards as a reference in planning vertical construction projects in earthquake-prone areas.
Analisis Struktur Gedung Perpustakaan terhadap Gaya Gempa di Kota Sungai Penuh
The Kerinci area and the city of Sungai TFull are one of the areas prone to earthquakes because they are located close to the confluence of the active lemma of Sumatra and are on the path of the world's active fires. Of course, it is a consideration in the development of analysis in the planning of earthquake-resistant buildings. This study will analyze a 4-storey building that functions as a Library Building using the Spectrum Response Dynamics method. The purpose of this study is to analyze the structure of earthquake-resistant buildings in accordance with SNI 1726:2019. This analysis uses the ETABS program supplements. The results of the study stated that the structure had met the criteria for mass participation and basic shear force in accordance with SNI 1726:2019, but did not meet the eligibility requirements as an earthquake-resistant building due to horizontal irregularities and vertical irregularities as well as the exceedance of the intersection boundary between floors at several levels. The effect of P-Delta is negligible because the boundary coefficient of each floor is less than 0.10
Perbandingan Biaya dan Waktu Pelaksanaan pada Lokasi Pembangunan LRT Jakarta Fase 1B Antara Metode Kerja Pemasangan Rebar Joint Coupler Prafabrikasi dengan Metode Kerja Pemasangan Rebar Tanpa Joint Coupler di Fabrikasi
Population growth and high economic activity in the DKI Jakarta area have led to a significant increase in vehicle volume and traffic congestion. These conditions require an efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly mass transportation system in order to reduce the public's dependence on private vehicles. One of the national strategic projects designed to address this challenge is the construction of the Jakarta Light Rail Transit (LRT) Phase 1B. In the construction of the LRT, time and cost efficiency are crucial factors that determine the success of the project. This study aims to analyze and compare the efficiency of two methods of installing steel reinforcement (rebar), namely the prefabricated joint coupler system and the conventional method without couplers. The study uses a quantitative descriptive approach by collecting secondary data in the form of Unit Price Analysis (AHSP), project progress reports, and field observations. The analysis was conducted on labor productivity, material costs, and implementation time. The results showed that the rebar installation method with prefabricated joint couplers was able to save 15-20% of steel material, reduce the duration of work by around 25-30%, and significantly reduce labor costs compared to the conventional method. In addition, the prefabrication system provides more consistent work quality, minimizes the risk of delays, and improves work safety. Based on these results, it is concluded that the application of the prefabricated joint coupler method is more effective and efficient in both technical and economic aspects for the Jakarta LRT Phase 1B construction project and can be recommended for similar infrastructure projects in the future.
Implementasi Total Quality Management (TQM) dalam Pengendalian Kualitas pada Proyek Pembangunan Gedung Bertingkat Tinggi di Jakarta
The rapid growth of the construction industry in Jakarta has driven an increasing need for an effective quality control system in high-rise building projects. Project complexity, the involvement of many parties, and the demands for construction efficiency and quality have made the implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) increasingly relevant. This study aims to examine the implementation of TQM in quality control of high-rise building projects in Jakarta and identify challenges and solutions to its implementation. The study used a qualitative approach with a library research method that analyzed reputable international literature, construction quality standards (SNI, ASTM, BS, ISO), and case studies of high-rise building projects in Indonesia. The results showed that the implementation of TQM is still hampered by a lack of top management commitment, limited competent human resources, and a low understanding of TQM tools such as Statistical Process Control, Quality Circles, and Continuous Improvement. Based on a gap analysis between theory and practice, this study developed an integrated TQM framework that takes into account organizational culture, local regulations, and the conditions of the Indonesian construction market. The study concluded that the implementation of an adaptive and sustainable TQM framework can improve the quality of construction results, reduce rework rates, and increase client satisfaction in high-rise building projects in Jakarta.
Analisis Distribusi Curah Hujan Menggunakan ABM, Mononobe, Van Breen terhadap Distribusi Curah Hujan Aktual pada Stasiun Klimatologi Jambi
The rainfall distribution pattern serves to obtain a rainfall distribution pattern for a region that can be used as a consideration in calculating and analyzing rainfall data, especially hourly rainfall data, as a basis for determining flood planning. This research aims to analyze the distribution and pattern of rainfall at the Jambi Climatology Station; and to analyze the suitability of the empirical method's distribution and rainfall pattern against the actual rainfall observed in the field. The research method used is the Alternating Block Method (ABM), Mononobe, and Van Breen. Based on the suitability test of the empirical rainfall distribution and pattern against the actual rainfall distribution, it is found that the rainfall distribution that most closely resembles field conditions is the ABM method, with a fit of 6 out of 11 rainfall events. The bell-shaped rainfall pattern and the combination of bell-shaped and inverted bell patterns have a fit of 4 out of 11 rainfall events.
Schedule Actual Proyek dengan Metode Precedence Diagram Method (PDM) dan Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT ) pada Proyek Pembangunan Pasar
The construction and development of the Klandasan Block C Market Distribution Facility in Balikpapan City is a strategic construction project that plays an important role in supporting the economic activities of the local community. This project requires optimal planning and time management to ensure that all stages of the work can be completed according to the target. Problems that often arise in the implementation of construction projects are delays due to uncertainty in the duration of activities and a lack of synchronization between interdependent activities. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying critical paths and calculating the probability of successful project completion using the Precedence Diagram Method (PDM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) approaches. The PDM method is used to describe the dependency relationships between activities, determine the critical path, and identify activities that have the potential to cause delays. Meanwhile, the PERT method is applied to estimate the project completion time by considering the variability of activity duration through three time estimates, namely optimistic, realistic, and pessimistic. The analysis results show that the project has several activities that are classified as critical and require intensive monitoring of resource allocation to prevent schedule deviations. Based on the calculations, projects with a planned duration of 150 days have a high probability of being completed on time. In conclusion, the combination of PDM and PERT methods provides effective results in the process of planning and controlling project schedules, helping project managers determine activity priorities, optimize time efficiency, and minimize the risk of construction delays.
Teritorialitas Ruang Publik dan Semi Publik pada Rumah Susun di Kelurahan Kaligawe Kota Semarang
The need for decent housing continues to increase, while the availability of residential land is becoming increasingly limited. Apartment buildings are one solution to this problem, including the apartment building in Kaligawe Village, Semarang City, which consists of seven twin blocks. Preliminary studies show that there are various types of spaces in these apartment buildings, namely public, semi-public, and private spaces. However, over time, public and semi-public spaces have been converted into private spaces through territorial marking, both physically and symbolically, such as placing private benches on the terraces of residences. This study aims to identify and understand the forms, causes, effects, signs, and meanings of territoriality in public and semi-public spaces in these apartment buildings. The method used is qualitative descriptive with Irwin Altman's territorial theory and behavioral mapping observation techniques. The results of the study show that there is permanent and temporary territoriality, both conscious and unconscious, as a form of adaptation by residents to spatial limitations. Territoriality on residential terraces, emergency stairwells, and multipurpose hallways are considered primary territories, while halls and connecting bridges are secondary territories, and fields, parking lots, and stairwells are public territories. In conclusion, territoriality in the Kaligawe apartment complex reflects the residents' need to assert their identity, ownership, and comfort in a dense vertical environment.
Identifikasi Sebaran Rumah Gadang Pada Perkampungan Adat Sijunjung, Nagari Padang Ranah
Vernacular architecture represents a form of design deeply rooted in the physical, material, and cultural context of its environment. This study explores the relationship between the architectural form of the Rumah Gadang and the geographical as well as cultural conditions of the Sijunjung Traditional Village, located in Nagari Padang Ranah. The main objective of this research is to identify the spatial distribution of Rumah Gadang, to analyze the correlation between tectonic aspects of the building and its site, and to uncover the underlying logic and abstract meaning behind the selection of materials, tools, and construction methods used by the local community. The research employs a qualitative approach through grounded theory, consisting of literature review, field observation, direct measurement, interviews with community leaders, and comparative architectural analysis. The findings reveal that there are 54 Rumah Gadang arranged linearly along the main circulation path rather than clustered by clan, deviating from the traditional spatial pattern of Minangkabau villages. This spatial arrangement indicates an adaptive response to the hilly topography and reflects a communal sense of togetherness among the residents. In conclusion, the architectural form of Rumah Gadang in Nagari Padang Ranah is not merely a cultural artifact but a manifestation of ecological awareness and social consciousness, representing the harmonious integration between people, place, and tradition within the framework of Minangkabau vernacular architecture.
Perancangan Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) Pemeliharaan Sarana Proteksi Kebakaran pada Sekolah Dasar Net Zero Carbon (NZC)
The high incidence of fire emergencies in Indonesian elementary schools and the limited availability of maintenance guidelines for fire protection systems pose significant safety risks, particularly in Net Zero Carbon (NZC) schools equipped with photovoltaic systems. This situation is exacerbated by the absence of a comprehensive and structured maintenance Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) in NZC elementary schools. This study aims to design an SOP for maintaining fire protection systems that is aligned with the operational characteristics and specific needs of NZC elementary schools. A descriptive quantitative approach was employed, with data collected through questionnaires and analyzed using the probability index and matrix method based on the PMBOK 6th edition risk management framework to identify and prioritize potential risks. The results indicate five dominant high-level risks, namely the absence of an SOP for fire protection (0.34), the lack of a regular inspection schedule (0.28), the absence of maintenance records (0.21), irregular inspection of solar panels (0.20), and the lack of dedicated maintenance personnel (0.18). These findings formed the basis for developing a maintenance SOP that includes daily, monthly, and periodic inspection procedures, integrating solar panel assessment to prevent fire-related hazards. In conclusion, the proposed SOP provides a preventive, measurable, and accountable framework for maintenance activities, and has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of fire protection systems in NZC elementary schools on a sustainable basis.
Perencanaan Perkerasan Kaku (Rigid Pavement) Jalan Untuk Lalu Lintas Berat Berdasarkan Manual Desain Perkerasan Bina Marga 2017 pada Ruas Jalan Tempino – Muara Bulian
The design of rigid pavement thickness on the Tempino-Muara Bulian road section, specifically on segment STA 00+000 to STA 02+200. This road section has experienced significant damage due to the increased traffic volume of heavy vehicles, especially coal transportation. An analysis was conducted to determine the optimal rigid pavement thickness to withstand the increased load and compare it with the existing conditions. Using the AASHTO 1993 method, the required concrete slab thickness was calculated to be 28.016 cm. However, the 2017 Pavement Design Manual recommends a slightly thicker slab of 29.3 cm. Meanwhile, the existing condition of 30 cm indicates that the current pavement has been designed considering factors such as future traffic growth or to accommodate potential overload. This study demonstrates the importance of accurate pavement design to ensure long-term road serviceability under heavy traffic conditions.
Faktor Eksternal yang Mempengaruhi Keterlambatan Proyek Konstruksi Gedung di Kota Padang
Delays in building construction projects are a common problem that can lead to cost overruns and reduced project performance. This study aims to identify and determine the influence level of external factors on delays in building construction projects in Padang City, Indonesia. A quantitative research method was employed by collecting data through questionnaires distributed to 93 respondents, including contractors, consultants, and other related stakeholders. Data analysis was conducted using the Relative Importance Index (RII) method to assess the significance of each factor, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) supported by Expert Choice software to determine the priority of dominant factors. The results indicate that socio-cultural factors, weather conditions, and delays in the permitting process are the most influential external factors contributing to project delays in Padang City. The findings of this study are expected to provide useful insights for stakeholders in improving project planning and control to reduce the risk of delays.
Mapping of Land Surface Temperature in Relation to Rainfall in Pasuruan Regency Using Geographic Information System (GIS)
This study aims to analyze the relationship between Land Surface Temperature (LST) and rainfall in Pasuruan Regency by utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. Surface temperature data were obtained from Landsat 8 Band 10 satellite imagery, which was converted into temperature in both Kelvin and Celsius, while rainfall data were collected from 20 observation stations distributed across the region.The analysis results indicate a negative correlation between land surface temperature and rainfall, particularly in high-elevation areas that exhibit lower temperatures and higher rainfall. Using the cubic polynomial model algorithm y = -3E-09x³ + 2E-05x² - 0.0272x + 43.296, the resulting correlation coefficient is 0.2762. This value falls within the interval of 0.20–0.40, which indicates a weak relationship between rainfall and land surface temperature. Rainfall, as variable X, contributes 27.62% to land surface temperature, which acts as variable Y.GIS has proven effective in visualizing the spatial distribution of temperature and rainfall data, providing valuable insights for spatial planning and climate change mitigation in tropical regions.
Optimasi Kolom dan Balok Melalui Value Engineering pada Gedung Asrama SMP IT Al-Ihsan Pasuruan
Infrastructure development in Indonesia requires efficiency in construction planning, particularly for multi-story buildings where structural works account for the largest portion of costs. The superstructure, such as columns and beams, plays a crucial role in supporting loads and ensuring building stability, making design efficiency highly influential on both safety and budget. Problems such as overdesign can lead to material waste and increased project expenses. This study aims to apply Value Engineering (VE) to the superstructure of the SMP IT Al-Ihsan dormitory project in Pasuruan City, focusing on columns and beams to obtain alternative designs that are more economical without reducing structural performance. The research employed a quantitative approach with structural modeling and analysis using ETABS software. Data were obtained from construction drawings, material specifications, and technical documents. The analysis compared the existing design with proposed alternatives, evaluated against axial strength, flexural capacity, and internal force distribution parameters in accordance with SNI 2847:2019 and SNI 1726:2019 standards. The results show that reducing the column dimensions from 50×50 cm to 30×30 cm and beams from 30×60 cm to 25×50 cm still satisfies technical requirements. Material efficiency was achieved by reducing concrete volume by 64% in columns and 30.56% in beams, while maintaining adequate strength and stability. The study concludes that the application of VE to the superstructure can reduce material volume, lower construction costs, and decrease dead loads, which also contributes to reducing seismic loads. The proposed alternative designs are technically feasible, structurally safe, and more economical, making them suitable as a reference for future multi-story building projects requiring cost optimization.
Pemetaan Kerusakan Jalan dengan Metode Pavement Condition Index pada Ruas Jalan Arteri Mojosari-Mojokerto Berdasarkan Sistem Informasi Geografis
Road infrastructure plays an important role in supporting community mobility and economic growth in a region. The Mojosari–Mojokerto arterial road has experienced various types of damage due to increased vehicle volume, especially heavy trucks, which has led to an increased risk of accidents. This study aims to determine the level of pavement damage on the Mojosari–Mojokerto road section using the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method and to map the condition of road damage with the help of a Geographic Information System (GIS). The research method included a field survey conducted on April 4–22, 2025, from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. to collect primary data on the type, dimensions, and level of road damage. The analysis was carried out by calculating the PCI value using the formula PCI = 100 – CDV, then the results were visualized in the form of thematic maps using ArcMap 10.8 software. The results showed PCI values for several road sections, namely Jalan Raya Airlangga 76, Jalan Raya Gajah Mada 80.5, Jalan Raya Pekukuhan 81.33, Jalan Ahmad Yani 82, and Jalan Raya Ngranggon 79.3, all of which were classified as very good based on the value range of 71–85. In conclusion, the condition of the road pavement on the Mojosari–Mojokerto section is generally still very good, but routine maintenance is still needed, especially on segments with heavy vehicle loads, so that the service life of the road can be extended.
Penyebab Keterlambatan Jasa Konstruksi Terintegrasi Rancang Bangun Revitalisasi Rusun Penjaringan (Tower A, B, E dan F) Jakarta Utara
Construction project delays are one of the main problems in the construction service industry in Indonesia, which have an impact on increased costs, decreased work quality, and disruption to project completion schedules. The Penjaringan Flats Revitalization Project (Towers A, B, E, and F) in North Jakarta is one example of a project that experienced time constraints due to the complexity of implementation and external factors such as the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aims to identify the factors that influence delays in the Penjaringan Flats Revitalization Design-Build Integrated Construction Services project. The research method used is a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis based on field data, supervision reports, meeting minutes, and project documentation during the 2019–2021 period. The results of the study show that there are nine main variables causing delays, namely situational factors, managerial factors, contract and document scope, planning and scheduling, materials, labor, site characteristics, control, and the Covid-19 pandemic. Of these nine variables, the five dominant factors that significantly influenced delays were cost factors, unexpected events, the experience of supervisors or field managers, and communication between contractors and consultants and between owners and contractors. The conclusion of this study confirms that cost efficiency, external risk management, and good communication and workforce competence are key factors in preventing construction project delays in the future.
Analisis Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas di Jalan Yos Sudarso Kota Balikpapan
Road transportation plays a crucial role in supporting human mobility and the distribution of goods; however, traffic accidents remain a serious issue, particularly in urban areas with high activity levels. Yos Sudarso Road in Balikpapan City is a strategic corridor connecting major industrial zones with other key areas, resulting in complex traffic conditions and elevated accident risks. This situation highlights the need for a systematic analysis of traffic accidents along this roadway. The purpose of this study is to examine accident patterns, determine accident-prone conditions, and identify the main factors contributing to traffic accidents on Yos Sudarso Road. The research employs a quantitative approach using secondary data consisting of traffic accident records, road geometric data, location maps, and average daily traffic volumes from 2019 to 2023. Data analysis is conducted using the Accident Equivalent Number (AEN) method to assess accident severity and identify high-risk periods. The results indicate that traffic accidents fluctuate annually, with the highest AEN value recorded in 2022, reflecting a significant increase in accident severity during that year. Further analysis reveals that traffic accidents are predominantly influenced by unsafe rider behavior, inadequate road conditions due to surface damage, and environmental factors such as insufficient street lighting. In conclusion, Yos Sudarso Road can be classified as an accident-prone roadway. Therefore, integrated efforts are required, including infrastructure improvement, enhancement of road user awareness, and consistent law enforcement, to effectively reduce accident risks and improve overall traffic safety on this corridor.
Kinerja Proyek terhadap Efisiensi Waktu dan Biaya dalam Proyek Percepatan Konstruksi Pembangunan Gedung Kantor Kejaksaan Negeri Tual
Public construction projects frequently encounter challenges related to schedule delays and cost overruns, which can reduce overall project performance. These conditions require an integrated project control system to ensure that implementation remains aligned with planned schedules and budgets. One approach that can be applied is Earned Value Management (EVM), a performance evaluation method that integrates cost and schedule analysis simultaneously, enabling early detection of project deviations. This study aims to evaluate time and cost performance in the Acceleration Project of the Tual District Attorney Office Building Construction and to assess the effectiveness of the acceleration strategy implemented during project execution. The research method uses secondary data analysis consisting of the Bill of Quantities (BOQ), S-curve, weekly progress reports, and actual cost data. These data are analyzed using Planned Value (PV), Earned Value (EV), Actual Cost (AC), and performance indicators including the Cost Performance Index (CPI), Schedule Performance Index (SPI), and Critical Ratio (CR). The results indicate that the project was completed in 26 weeks compared to the planned 33 weeks, resulting in a time efficiency of 7 weeks with an SPI value greater than 1. Although cost inefficiency occurred during the early stages of implementation (CPI < 1), effective cost control measures successfully stabilized expenditures by the end of the project, resulting in CPI and CR values reaching 1. Based on these findings, the application of EVM is recommended as a routine monitoring method for accelerated construction projects to ensure more accurate, systematic, and data-driven control of project time and costs.
Tingkat Kecelakaan (Accident Rate) dan Hubungannya dengan Volume Lalu Lintas pada Ruas Jalan Tol Becakayu
This study aims to analyze the traffic accident rate and its relationship with traffic volume on the Becakayu Toll Road during the 2020–2024 period. A quantitative research approach was employed using secondary data in the form of traffic volume data and accident records obtained from the Toll Road Operating Agency (BUJT) PT Kresna Kusuma Dyandra Marga. The data were analyzed on an annual basis by calculating the accident rate based on the standard number of accidents per 100 million vehicle-kilometers, with a section length of 16.78 km. The analytical methods included descriptive statistics, accident rate calculation, and Pearson correlation analysis to examine the relationship between Average Daily Traffic (ADT) and the number of accidents as well as the accident rate. The results indicate that an increase in traffic volume is followed by an increase in the number of accidents; however, the accident rate tends to fluctuate and shows a negative correlation with traffic volume. The correlation analysis reveals a very strong positive relationship between traffic volume and the number of accidents, as well as a strong negative relationship between traffic volume and the accident rate. These findings indicate a distinction between absolute accident frequency and relative risk per vehicle. Therefore, toll road safety evaluations should combine absolute accident indicators and exposure-based indicators to obtain a more comprehensive interpretation of traffic risk.
Influence of Settlement Patterns on University Student Mobility Preferences: An Accessibility-Based Analysis of Private Vehicle Use
This study attempts to observe how settlement patterns influence mobility preferences, with primary attention directed to private vehicle accessibility to Batam International University (UIB). A quantitative approach was taken, where data were collected both online and offline through a survey distributed to 235 respondents drawn from the academic community. The analytical process used descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, chi-square tests, and multiple linear regression to trace the relationship between residential conditions and perceived accessibility. The results indicate that 68.1% of respondents commute by motorcycle, while 43.8% live within planned housing areas. Certain factors, including private vehicle ownership and residential status, show a statistically significant relationship with accessibility satisfaction, measured through indicators such as travel time, ease of access, and road conditions. The regression output further shows that type of residence, transport mode, and study program together explain approximately 32.9% of the variance in accessibility satisfaction, suggesting an influence that exists but does not fully account for it. Additionally, the findings highlight that two-wheeled vehicles tend to perform better than four-wheeled ones in terms of flexibility and time efficiency, particularly in areas where road infrastructure is congested or underdeveloped. These outcomes point to the necessity of integrating settlement planning with sustainable transportation strategies to gradually reduce reliance on private vehicles. Educational institutions and local government are therefore recommended to strengthen public transport services, promote multimodal accessibility, and implement infrastructure improvements focused on residential zones with low accessibility. By presenting empirical evidence from a Southeast Asian island city, this research contributes to the broader discussion on campus mobility, spatial equity, and transport policy in rapidly urbanizing regions.
Analisis Keterlambatan pada Proyek Peningkatan Gedung Kantor DPU Kota Balikpapan Menggunakan Lean Six Sigma Framework
Construction project delays are a common problem that can have a significant impact on time efficiency, costs, and the quality of work. Therefore, a systematic and data-driven management approach is needed to identify the main causes of delays and determine the appropriate improvement strategies. This study aims to analyze the factors causing delays in the Balikpapan City Public Works Office (DPU) building improvement project using the Lean Six Sigma approach through the Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control (DMAIC) stages. The research data was obtained from project documents, field observations, interviews, and questionnaires administered to workers and project supervisors. The analysis was conducted using Pareto charts, comparisons of planned and actual workforce allocations, and fishbone diagrams to identify the root causes of delays. The results of the study show that the dominant factors causing project delays are human resources aspects, particularly the mismatch between the number of workers available and the work requirements in a given period, as well as the transfer of workers to other projects. Meanwhile, factors such as machinery, work methods, materials, and environmental conditions were not found to have a significant impact on project delays, as most were considered to be in fairly good condition and did not hinder the work process. Based on the results of this analysis, the recommended improvement strategies include improving worker attendance monitoring, adjusting worker allocation according to the needs of each stage of the project, and recruiting additional workers during periods of high workload
Faktor-faktor Kunci Penerapan Bangunan RISHA pada Proyek Penanganan Pasca Bencana Gempa di Cianjur
The implementation of Simple Healthy Instant Houses (RISHA) as a temporary or permanent housing solution after an earthquake has become a strategic choice for the Indonesian government. RISHA is designed to be built quickly, affordably, and earthquake-resistant. However, in its implementation, there are various challenges that hinder the effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation of this system. The purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate the main obstacles in the implementation of RISHA buildings in post-earthquake rehabilitation projects, including technical, social, and institutional aspects. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach focused on the earthquake-affected area in Cianjur Regency. The results of the study indicate that the main challenges include limited understanding of the local community and workforce regarding the RISHA modular system, the availability of materials and structural components at the disaster site, limited training time, and lack of coordination between stakeholders. In addition, the cultural and architectural preferences of the local community also affect the level of acceptance of the RISHA building model. Thus, a more comprehensive and participatory approach is needed in the implementation of RISHA in order to increase its effectiveness as a sustainable post-disaster solution.
Produktivitas Pekerjaan Struktur Pondasi Bore Pile pada Proyek Hotel X di Kota Lumajang
Construction productivity plays a crucial role in determining the success and efficiency of project implementation. In foundation works, particularly bored pile installations, productivity is often affected by various technical and environmental factors. This study focuses on analyzing the productivity of bored pile foundation work on the Hotel X project in Lumajang City and identifying the dominant factors that hinder performance. The research employed a mixed-method approach combining quantitative productivity analysis with qualitative field observations and interviews. Productivity data were calculated using the Unit Completed method, while statistical testing was conducted using SPSS software to determine the correlation between influencing variables such as materials, equipment, labor, environment, and management. The analysis revealed that for bored piles with diameters of 600 mm and 500 mm at depths ranging from 5 to 18 meters, the average productivity rate was 0.86 meters per hour per unit during a 37-day observation period (totaling 1,713 working hours). Material factors contributed most significantly to productivity losses, accounting for 39.66% of total lost work hours (165.53 hours out of 417.35 hours), followed by environmental, equipment, labor, and management factors. The findings demonstrate that inadequate material logistics and unstable soil conditions substantially reduce project efficiency. In conclusion, effective management of these key factors is essential to improve productivity performance in bored pile foundation work on construction projects.